Herbal Medicine

Abscess Root Acacia Babul
ABSCESS ROOT (Polemonium reptans L.) Activities (Abscess Root) : - Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astri

Adams Needles Spanishn Bayonet
ADAMS NEEDLES, SPANISH BAYONET (Yucca filamentosa L.) - Few taxonomists and herbalists and even fewer pharmacists and p

African Caper African Quinine
AFRICAN CAPER (Capparis tomentosa Lam.) + Activities (African Caper):  -  Antispasmodic (1; VVG); Decongestan

African Spurge Euphorbia Resinifera
AFRICAN SPURGE (Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg & C. F. Schmidt) Activities (African Spurge):  - Abortifacient (f

African Wormwood African Wild Yam
AFRICAN WORMWOOD (Artemisia afra Jacq.) + Activities (African Wormwood):  Analgesic (1; VVG; ZUL); Analeptic (1; V

Aga Fly Agaric Agar
AGA, FLY AGARIC (Amanita muscaria) X Activities (Aga): - GABA-Antagonist (1; PH2); Hallucinogen (1; PH2); Paralytic (1

Agrimony Agrimonia Eupatoria
AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) ++ Activities (Agrimony):  - Aggregant (1; CRC; PH2; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; FNF

Air Plant Tree Of Life
AIR PLANT, TREE OF LIFE (Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken) + Synonym: - Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. Activities (Ai

Air Potato Dioscorea Bulbifera
AIR POTATO (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) ++ Synonym: - Dioscorea latifolia Benth. Activities (Air Potato): - Al

Ajowan Bishops Weed
AJOWAN, BISHOPS WEED (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill.) +++ Synonyms: - Ammi copticum L., Carum ajowan ined

Akee Apples Seso Vegetal
AKEE APPLES, SESO VEGETAL, ACKEE (Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig) X Synonym: - Cupania sapida J. Voigt Activities

Albizzia Siris Albizia Lebbeck
ALBIZZIA, SIRIS (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) + Synonyms: - Acacia lebbek (L.) Willd., Mimosa lebbeck L. Activi

Alexandrian Senna Senna Alexadrina
ALEXANDRIAN SENNA (Senna alexandrina Mill.) + Synonyms: - Cassia acutifolia Delile, C. angustifolia Vahl, C. lanceolata

Alfalfa Medicago Sativa
ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) + Activities (Alfalfa): - Abortifacient (f; MAD); Alterative (f; PED); Antiatherosclerotic

Alisma Alisma Plantago AQuatica
ALISMA (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.) + Synonym Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. Activities (Alisma): Antidote,

Alkanet Alkanna Dyers Alkanet
ALKANET, ALKANNA, DYERS ALKANET (Alkanna tinctoria Tausch) X Synonyms: - A. lehmanii (Tineo) A. DC., A. tuberculata (Fo

Allspice Pimenta Dioica
ALLSPICE (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) ++ Synonyms: - Myrtus dioica L., M. pimenta L., P. officinalis Lindl., P. pimenta

Almond Oil Prunus Dulcis
ALMOND OIL (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++ Synonyms: - Amygdalus communis L., A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Ba

Almond Prunus Dulcis
ALMOND (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++ Synonyms: Amygdalus communis L., A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Batsch,

Aloe Aloe Vera
ALOE (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Gel) ++ Synonyms: - A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata var. vera L., A. vulgaris Lam.

Aloes Aloe Vera
ALOES (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Inner leaf or Dried Leaf Juice) + Synonyms: - A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata var.

Alpina Ragwort Senecio Nemorensis
ALPINE RAGWORT (Senecio nemorensis L.) X PH2 may have been confused in assigning the common names life root and squaw weed

Alpine Cranberry Vaccinium Vitis
ALPINE CRANBERRY (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) ++ With at least 10 common names available in the USDA online, youd think that

Alpine Rose Rhododendron Ferrugineum
ALPINE ROSE (Rhododendron ferrugineum L.) X Activities (Alpine Rose): - Astringent (1; HHB); Diuretic (f; HHB); Hypoten

American Bittersweet Celastrus Scandens
AMERICAN BITTERSWEET (Celastrus scandens L.) X Activities (American Bittersweet): - Analgesic (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f;

American Corn Mint
AMERICAN CORN MINT, CANADIAN MINT, JAPANESE MINT (Mentha canadensis L.) ++ Synonyms: - M. arvensis var. glabrata Fernal

American Ginseng Ginseng
AMERICAN GINSENG, GINSENG (Panax quinquefolius L.) +++ Activities (American Ginseng): - Adaptogen (f; FAD); Anticonvuls

American Hellebore Veratrum Viride
AMERICAN HELLEBORE (Veratrum viride Aiton) X Synonyms: - V. eschscholtzii A. Gray, V. lobelianum var. eschscholtzianum

American Liverleaf Anemone Acutiloba
AMERICAN LIVERLEAF (Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson) + Synonym: - Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark. DEM

American Pennyroyal Hedeoma Pulegioides
AMERICAN PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.) + (down from CRC) Synonym: - Melissa pulegioides L. Activi

American Solomons Seal Beech
AMERICAN SOLOMONS-SEAL (Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot) ++ Activities (American Solomons-Seal): -  Analgesic

American White Spruce
AMERICAN WHITE SPRUCE (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) ++ Synonyms: - Abies canadensis Mill., P. canadensis (Mill.) Br

Ammoniac Dorema Ammoniacum
AMMONIAC (Dorema ammoniacum D. Don) + Activities (Ammoniac): - Antispasmodic (f; PH2; PNC); Antitumor (f; JLH); Diaphor

Amur Corktree Phellodendron Amurense
AMUR CORKTREE (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) ++   Activities (Amur Corktree): - Alterative (f; DAA); Analgesic (f;

Anemarrhena Asphodelioides Bunge
ANEMARRHENA (Anemarrhena asphodelioides Bunge) ++ Activities (Anemarrhena): - Antiaggregant (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory

Angelica Wild Parsnip
ANGELICA, WILD PARSNIP (Angelica archangelica L.) ++ Synonyms: - A. officinalis Moench, Archangelica officinalis (Moenc

Angled Loofah Chinese Okra
ANGLED LOOFAH, CHINESE OKRA (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) ++ Synonym: - Cucumis acutangulus L. Activities (Angl

Angostura Angostura Trifoliata
ANGOSTURA (Angostura trifoliata (Willd.) T. S. Elias) ++ Synonyms: - Bonplandia trifoliata Willd., Galipea officinalis

Anise Pimpinella Anisum
ANISE (Pimpinella anisum L.) ++ Synonym: - Anisum vulgare Gaertn. Activities (Anise): - Abortifacient (f; CA

Annatto Bixa Orellana
ANNATTO (Bixa orellana L.) ++ Activities (Annatto): - Antibacterial (1; 60P; TRA); Antidote, cassava (f; JFM); Antidote

Annual Mercury Mercurialis Annua
ANNUAL MERCURY (Mercurialis annua L.) + Some (e.g., MAD) aggregate the annual and perennial Mercurialis. Activities (A

Anserina Silverweed Potentilla Anserina
ANSERINA, SILVERWEED (Potentilla anserina L.) ++ Activities (Anserina): - Antiallergic (1; BIS; FNF); Antiherpetic (1;

Apple Malus Domestica
APPLE (Malus domestica Borkh.) +++ Synonyms: -M. malus (L.) Britton, M. pumila auct., M. pumila var. domestica (Borkh.)

Apricot Prunus Armeniaca
APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca L.) ++ Synonyms: - Amygdalus armeniaca (L.) Dumort., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., P. armeniaca va

Araroba Andira Araroba Aguan
ARAROBA (Andira araroba Aguan) + Activities (Araroba): - Allergenic (1; PH2); Alterative (f; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; EF

Arjuna Terminalia Arjuna
ARJUNA (Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.) + Synonym: - Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. ex DC. Activiti

Arnica Arnica Montana
ARNICA (Arnica montana L.) + (external); X (internal) Activities (Arnica). - Allergenic (1; MAB; PHR); Analeptic (1; BI

Arrow Poison Arrach
ARROW-POISON (Strophanthus sarmentosus DC.) X PH2 and EFS entries below generic (i.e., mostly for S. kombe Oliv. & S. grat

Arrowroot Maranta Arundinacea
ARROWROOT (Maranta arundinacea L.) +++ Activities (Arrowroot): - Alexeteric (f; CRC); Antibilious (1; PHR); Antipyretic

Artichoke Cynara Cardunculus
ARTICHOKE (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus) +++ Synonym : - Cynara scolymus L. Activities (Artichoke):

Asafetida Devils Dung
ASAFETIDA, DEVILS DUNG (Ferula assa-foetida L.) ++ Labeled Ferula foetida in AHP, KAP, and PH2. Activities (Asafetida)

Ashwagandha Withania Somnifera
ASHWAGANDHA (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) + Synonym: Physalis somnifera L. Activities (Ashwagandha): Abort

Asian Meadow Thalictrum Foliolosum
ASIAN MEADOW-RUE (Thalictrum foliolosum DC.) + Activities (Asian Meadow-Rue): Antipyretic (f; KAP; SUW); Aperient (f; K

Asiatik Dogwood Japanese Cornel
ASIATIC DOGWOOD, JAPANESE CORNEL (Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc.) ++ Activities (Asiatic Dogwood): - Antiallerg

Asoka Saraca Indica
ASOKA (Saraca indica L.) + Synonym: - Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde. Activities (Asoka): - Abortifaci

Asparagus Asparagus Officinalis
ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis L.) ++ Synonym: A. longifolius Fisch. ex Steud. Activities (Asparagus) : An

Autumn Crocus Colchicum Meadow
AUTUMN CROCUS, COLCHICUM, MEADOW-SAFFRON (Colchicum autumnale L.) X WOI entries apply to Colchicum luteum Baker Activi

Avens Bennets Root
AVENS, BENNETS ROOT (Geum urbanum L.)++ Activities (Avens): Antidiarrheal (f; CAN); Antihemorrhagic (1; CAN; FNF); Anti

Avocado Persea Americana
AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) +++ (The +++ applies only to the fruits; leaves and seeds are much less safe.) Ac

Aztec Marigold Tagetes Erecta
AZTEC MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) ++ Activities (Aztec Marigold): Analgesic (f; DAV); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Bat Repe

Babys Breath Gypsophila Paniculata
BABY'S BREATH (Gypsophila paniculata L.) + Activities (Baby's Breath): Antiseptic (1; PHR); Cytotoxic (2; KOM); Depurat

Bael Bengal Quince
BAEL, BENGAL QUINCE (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) ++ Synonym: Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons, Crateva marmelos L.

Bai Zhu Atraktylodes
BAI ZHU, ATRACTYLODES (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) ++ Perry treats all three of the species covered here as one from

Baical Skullcap Scutellaria Baicalensis
BAICAL SKULLCAP (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) ++ Activities (Baical Skullcap): Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor (1; KEB);

Balloon Flower Platycodon Grandiflorum
BALLOON FLOWER (Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC) ++ Synonym: Campanula glauca Thunb., C. grandiflora Jacq., P. gl

Balmony Turtlehead Chelone Glabra
BALMONY, TURTLEHEAD (Chelone glabra L.) +++ Activities (Balmony): Antibilious (f; EFS); Antidepressant (f; PNC); Antiem

Balsam F?r Abies Balsamea
BALSAM FIR (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) ++ Synonym: A. balsamea f. nana (J. Nelson) Beissner, A. balsamea var. phanerolep

Balsam Of Peru Myroxylon Balsamum
BALSAM OF PERU (Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms) ++ Synonym: Myrospermum pereirae Royle, Myro

Balsam Of Tolu Myroxylon Balsamum
BALSAM OF TOLU (Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms) ++ Activities (Balsam of Tolu): Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; F

Ban Xia Pinellia Ternata
BAN XIA (Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino) + Synonym : Arisaema cochinchinense Blume, Arum dracontium Lour., A. ternatu

Banana Plantain Musa Paradisiaca
BANANA, PLANTAIN (Musa x paradisiaca L.) ++ Synonym: M. dacca Horan., M. rosacea Jacq., M. x paradisiaca subsp. sapient

Baneberry Actaea Spicata
BANEBERRY (Actaea spicata L.) X Synonym: A. spicata var. nigra L. Activities (Baneberry): Antibacterial (1;

Barbasco Dioscorea Composita Hemsl
BARBASCO (Dioscorea composita Hemsl.) + Synonym: D. terpinapensis Uline ex R. Knuth. Activities (Barbasco):

Barberry Berberis Vulgaris
BARBERRY (Berberis vulgaris L.) + Synonym: B. jacquinii hort. ex K. Koch, B. sanguinea hort. ex K. Koch, B. vulgaris f.

Barley Hordeum Vulgare
BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) +++ Activities (Barley): Abortifacient (f; BIB); Antilactagogue (f; BIB); Antipyretic (f; B

Basil Sweet Basil
BASIL, SWEET BASIL (Ocimum basilicum L.) ++ Synonym: O. basilicum var. glabratum Benth., O. basilicum var. majus Benth.

Bastard Cedar Guazuma Ulmifolia
BASTARD CEDAR (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.) ++ Activities (Bastard Cedar): Analeptic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; AAB; TRA);

Battle Gourd Calabash
BOTTLE GOURD, CALABASH (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) +++ Synonym: Cucurbita lagenaria L., C. leucantha Duchesn

Bayberry Morella Cerifera
BAYBERRY (Morella cerifera (L.) Small) + Synonym: - Myrica cerifera L., Myrica cerifera var. pumila Michx., Myrica pumi

Bayleaf Laurel Laurus Nobilis
BAYLEAF, LAUREL (Laurus nobilis L.) ++ Activities (Bayleaf): - Abortifacient (f; SPI); Allergenic (1; CRC; PH2); Analge

Bayrum Tree Pimenta Racemosa
BAYRUM TREE (Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore.) +++ PHR entries are equivocal and probably apply to P. dioica (allspic

Bearberry Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi
BEARBERRY (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.) + Synonym: - Arbutus uva-ursi L. Activities (Bearberry): -

Bee Balm Beauty Berry
BEE BALM (Monarda didyma L.) +++   Activities (Bee Balm): - Abortifacient (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f; PHR); Antispasm

Beet Beta Vulgaris
BEET (Beta vulgaris L.) ++ Activities (Beet): - Anorectic (f; KAB); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antiinflammatory (f; KAB);

Belladonna Atropa Belladonna
BELLADONNA (Atropa belladonna L.) XXX Activities (Belladonna): - Analgesic (1; CRC; FNF); Anesthetic (1; LAF); Antiasth

Belleric Terminalia Bellirica
BELLERIC (Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.) + Synonym: - Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn. Activities (Belleric

Benzoin Styrax Benzoin Dryander
BENZOIN (Styrax benzoin Dryander.) ++ While the PH2 covers three species of the genus Styrax and one of the genus Liquidam

Betel Palm Areca Catechu
BETEL PALM (Areca catechu L.) X Activities (Betel Palm): - Abortifacient (1; WO2); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antidote, ab

Betel Pepper Piper Betle
BETEL PEPPER (Piper betle L.) ++  Regrettably, the herbal PDR calls this betel nut. Piper betle is betel leaf, chewed with th

Bethroot Trillium Erectum
BETHROOT (Trillium erectum L.) +   Most early authors treated the species as interchangeable medicinally, so this acco

Bilberry Vaccinium Myrtillus
BILBERRY (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) +++ Activities (Bilberry): - Antiaggregant (1; APA; BGB; MAB; PED; PH2); Anticapillar

Birch Betula Spp
BIRCH (Betula spp.) ++ Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh. Synonym: Betula alba L., Betula verrucosa Ehrh.

Birthwort Aristolochia Clematitis
BIRTHWORT (Aristolochia clematitis L.) X Activities (Birthwort): - Antiherpetic (1; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; PH2); Depura

Bishops Weed Ammi Visnaga
BISHOPS WEED (Ammi visnaga (L.) Lamarck) + Synonym: - Daucus visnaga L. Activities (Bishops Weed): - Antiath

Bistort Polygonum Bistorta
BISTORT (Polygonum bistorta L.) ++ Synonym: - Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. Activities (Bistort): - Anipyre

Bitter Candytuft Iberis Amara
BITTER CANDYTUFT (Iberis amara L.) X Synonym: - Iberis coronaria D. Don. Activities (Bitter Candytuft): &nbs

Bitter Melon Balsam Pear
BITTER MELON, BALSAM PEAR (Momordica charantia L.) + Synonym: - M. muricata Willd. Activities (Bitter Melon): B

Bitter Milkwort Black Ash
BITTER MILKWORT (Polygala amara L.) ++ Activities (Bitter Milkwort): - Bitter (f; PH2); Depurative (f; EFS; HHB); Diaph

Bittersweet Solanum Dulcamara
BITTERSWEET (Solanum dulcamara L.) + Activities (Bittersweet): - Alterative (f; CRC; DEP; KAB); Analgesic (1; CRC; PH2)

Bitterwood Quassia Amara
BITTERWOOD (Quassia amara L.) ++ Activities (Bitterwood): - Antianemic (f; HAD); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (f; F

Black Alder Alnus Glutinosa
BLACK ALDER (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) ++ Synonym: - A. barbata C. A. Mey., A. glutinosa subsp. barbata (C. A. Mey.

Black Bean Green Bean
BLACK BEAN, GREEN BEAN, etc. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) +++ The herbal PDR, which erroneously attributes the origin of the pl

Black Bryony Tamus Communis
BLACK BRYONY (Tamus communis L.) X Activities (Black Bryony): - Allergenic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; GMH); Emetic (1; GMH;

Black Cohosh Actaea Racemosa
BLACK COHOSH (Actaea racemosa L.) + Synonym: - Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Activities (Black Cohosh): - A

Black Cumin Nigella Sativa
BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.) ++ The prophet Muhammad reportedly recommended black cumin as a cure-all to his associat

Black Currant Fruit
BLACK CURRANT FRUIT (Ribes nigrum L.) +++ Synonym: - Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth. Entries are for fruits rathe

Black Currant Leaf Ribes
BLACK CURRANT LEAF (Ribes nigrum L.) + Synonym : - Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth. Activities (Black Curr

Black Currant Seed Oil
BLACK CURRANT SEED OIL (Ribes nigrum L.) +++ Synonym: - Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth. Activities (Black

Black Dot Scurfy Pea
BLACK DOT, SCURFY PEA (Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik.) ++ Synonym: - Psoralea corylifolia L. Old, old synonym, Trifoli

Black Haw Viburnum Prunifolium
BLACK HAW (Viburnum prunifolium L.) + Activities (Black Haw): - Antiabortive (f; FEL); Anticonvulsive (f; DEM); Antidia

Black Horehound Ballota Nigra
BLACK HOREHOUND (Ballota nigra L.) ++ Activities (Black Horehound):  Antiaging (1; PR14:93); Antiemetic (f; PH2; P

Black Locust Robinia Pseudoacacia
BLACK LOCUST (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) +   Synonyms: - R. pseudoacacia f. erecta Rehder, R. pseudoacacia f. inermis

Black Mulberry Morus Nigra
BLACK MULBERRY (Morus nigra L.) +++ I suspect that most birds and few foresters, herbalists, publishing phytochemists, phy

Black Mustard Brassica Nigra
BLACK MUSTARD (Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch) ++ Synonym: - Brassica nigra var. abyssinica A. Braun, Sinapis nigra

Black Nigtshade Solanum Nigrum
BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum nigrum L.) + Activities (Black Nightshade): - Alterative (f; DEP); Analgesic (f; JFM; PHR; PH

Black Pepper Piper Nigrum
BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum L.) +++ Activities (Black Pepper): - Abortifacient (f; CRC); Alexeteric (f; DEP); Analeptic

Black Phys?cnut Jatropha Gossypiifolia
BLACK PHYSICNUT (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) X Activities (Black Physicnut): - Allergenic (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; CR

Black Walnut Juglans Nigra
BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra L.) + Activities (Black Walnut): - Alterative (f; NUT); Anti-HIV (f; APA); Antiseptic (1; F

Blackberry Lily Belamcanda Chinensis
BLACKBERRY LILY (Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.) ++ Synonym: - B. punctata Moench, Gemmingia chinensis Kuntze, Ixia chin

Blackberry Rubus Spp
BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.) ++ Most European entries (EFS, HHB, MAD, PH2) accrue to R. fruticosus, the European blackberry. Mo

Blackroot Veronicastrum Virginicum
BLACKROOT (Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.) + Synonym : Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt., Veronica virginica L.

Bladder Dock Rumex Vesicarius
BLADDER DOCK (Rumex vesicarius L.) ++ Synonym : Acetosa vesicaria (L.) Á. Löve. Activities (Bladder Dock): BR

Bladderwort Blue Cardinal Flower
BLADDERWORT (Utricularia vulgaris L.) ++ Activities (Bladderwort) : Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; PH2);

Blessed Thstle Cnicus Benedictus
BLESSED THISTLE (Cnicus benedictus L.) ++ Activities (Blessed Thistle): - Allergenic (1; APA); Analgesic (f; APA); Anti

Bletilla Hardy Orchid
BLETILLA, HARDY ORCHID (Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f.) ++ Synonym : - Bletia hyacinthina (J. E. Smith) R. Br.; Cym

Bloodroot Sanguinaria Canadensis
BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria canadensis L.) X Activities (Bloodroot): - Abortifacient (f; CEB; DEM); Alterative (f; CRC); Ana

Blue Cohosh Caulophyllum Thalictroides
BLUE COHOSH (Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.) + Activities (Blue Cohosh): - Abortifacient (f; CAN; PH2); Antiede

Blue Flag Iris Versicolor
BLUE FLAG (Iris versicolor L.) + For orris, see Iris x germanica. Is it the irises, or the taxonomists (or me) who are scr

Blueberry Vaccinium Angustifolia Aiton
BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium angustifolia Aiton and corymbosum L.) +++ Synonym: - V. brittonii Porter ex C. Bicknell, V. lamarc

Bog Bilberry Bog Blueberry
BOG BILBERRY, BOG BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) ++ Activities (Bog Bilberry):  Narcotic (f; CEB; EFS).

Bogbean Menyanthes Trifoliata
BOGBEAN (Menyanthes trifoliata L.) + Activities (Bogbean): - Anabolic (f; DEM); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antihemorrhagic (1

Boldo Peumus Boldus Molina
BOLDO (Peumus boldus Molina) + Synonym : Boldea fragrans (Ruiz & Pav.) Gay, Peumus fragrans Ruiz & Pav.

Boneset Eupatorium Perfoliatum
BONESET (Eupatorium perfoliatum L.) ++ Activities (Boneset): - Antibacterial (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; P

Borage Borago Officinalis
BORAGE (Borago officinalis L.) + Activities (Borage): - Adrenocorticostimulant (f; APA; CAN); Analgesic (f; PHR; PH2);

Borrachero Floripondio Brugmansia Candida
BORRACHERO, FLORIPONDIO (Brugmansia x candida Pers.) X Synonym : Datura candida (Pers.) Saff. Activities

Boswellia Boswellia Serrata Roxb
BOSWELLIA (Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.) ++ Synonym : - B. glabra Roxb. Activities (Boswellia) :

Bowmans Root Gillenia Trifoliata
BOWMANS ROOT (Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench) + Synonym : Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton, Spiraea trifoliata L.

Boxwood Buxus Sempervirens
BOXWOOD (Buxus sempervirens L.) + Synonym :  - B. colchica Pojark. Activities (Boxwood): - Alterat

Brahmi Bacopa Monnieri
BRAHMI (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell) ++ Activities (Brahmi) : - Adaptogen (1; WOI); Analgesic (f; KEB); Anticancer (1;

Brazilian Peppert Ree Schinus Terebinthifolius
BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) + Activities (Brazilian Peppertree) :  - Antibacterial

Brazilnut Bertholletia Excelsa Bonpl
BRAZILNUT (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) ++ As our richest source of selenium, I think those who are not allergic to Brazil

Brewers Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
BREWERS YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ++ Activities (Brewers Yeast) : Allergenic (1; PH2); Antibacterial (1; PH2); A

British Elecampane Inula Britannica
BRITISH ELECAMPANE (Inula britannica L.) ++ Synonym : - Inula japonica Thunb. Activities (British Elecampane):

Broccoli Brassica Oleracea
BROCCOLI (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) +++ (Asparagus Broccoli, Cape Broccoli, Heading Broccoli, Sprouting Brocco

Bromelain From Ananas Comosus
BROMELAIN (from Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) + See Pineapple. Activities (Bromelain) :  - Antiaggregant (2; KOM

Brooklime Veronica Beccabunga
BROOKLIME (Veronica beccabunga L.) ++ Activities (Brooklime): - Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; FEL); Antiscorbuti

Broom Corn Sorghum Bicolor
BROOM CORN (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) ++ Synonym : - See USDA (GRIN) for long list of synonyms. Activi

Brown Kelp Bunchberry
BROWN KELP (Macrocystis pyrifera C. Agardh) ++ Activities (Brown Kelp) : Antiobesity (f; PH2). Indications

Brussels Sprouts Brassica Oleracea
BRUSSELS SPROUTS (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera Zenker) +++ Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower are lightly c

Buchu Agathosma Betulina
BUCHU (Agathosma betulina (P. J. Bergius) Pillans) + Synonym : - Barosma betulina (P. J. Bergius) Bartl. & H. L. We

Buckwheat Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench
BUCKWHEAT (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) +++ Synonym : - F. saggittatum Gilib., F. vulgare Hill. Activities

Bugle Ajuga Reptans
BUGLE (Ajuga reptans L.) + Activities (Bugle) : - Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; PHR); Carminative (f; CRC; EFS);

Bugleweed Lycopus Europaeus
BUGLEWEED (Lycopus europaeus L. or L. virginicus L.) +++ Activities (Bugleweed) : - Antideiodinater (T4) (2; KOM);

Bulbous Buttercup Ranunculus Bulbosus
BULBOUS BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus bulbosus L.) + Activities (Bulbous Buttercup) : - Abortifacient (f; MAD); Allergenic (f;

Bupleurum Hares Ear
BUPLEURUM, HARES EAR (Bupleurum chinense DC. or B. falcatum L.) ++ Treated as Chinese Thoroughwax by PH2. Activiti

Burdock Arctium Lappa
BURDOCK (Arctium lappa L.) +++ Synonym : - A. edule (Siebold ex Miq.) Nakai, Lappa edulis Siebold ex Miq., L. major Gae

Burning Bush Dittany Gasplant
BURNING BUSH, DITTANY, GASPLANT (Dictamnus albus L.) ++ Synonym :, - D. caucasicus (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Gross

Burr Marigold Wate Agrimony
BURR MARIGOLD, WATER AGRIMONY (Bidens tripartita L.) ++ Synonym : - B. comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand, B. connata Muhl.

Butchers Broom Ruscus Aculeatus
BUTCHERS BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus L.) ++ Activities (Butchers Broom) : - Alpha-Adrenergic (1; PNC); Antiaggregant (

Butterbur Petasites Hybridus
BUTTERBUR (Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn. et al. and P. officinalis Moench) + Synonym : - Tussilago hybrida L.

Butternut Juglans Cinerea
BUTTERNUT (Juglans cinerea L.) +++ PH2 goofed and listed Juglans nigra and Black Walnut, which they do not treat separatel

Cabbage Bark Cabeza De Angel
CABBAGE BARK (Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.) + Synonyms : A. excelsa Kunth, A. jamaicensis Urb., A. race

Cabbage Brassica Oleracea Var
CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) +++ Few if any taxonomists and agronomists can distinguish all Brassica varie

Cacao Theobroma Cacao
CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) ++ Activities (Cacao): - Allergenic (1; CRC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA);

Cajeput Melaleuca Leucadendra
CAJEPUT (Melaleuca leucadendra L.) ++ Synonyms: - Kajuputi leucadendra (L.) Rusby, Myrtus leucadendra L. After visi

Calabash Tree Crescentia Cujete
CALABASH TREE (Crescentia cujete L.) + Activities (Calabash Tree): - Abortifacient (f; AAB; DAV; 60P); Analgesic (f; MP

Calamint California Bay
CALAMINT (Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi.) ++ Synonyms : - Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze, Melissa nepeta L., Satureja cal

Calamus Acorus Calamus
CALAMUS (Acorus calamus L.) XXX Activities (Calamus): - Analgesic (1; KAP; ZUL); Anthelminthic (f; CRC; VVG); Antibacte

Calendula Marigold Pot Marigold
CALENDULA, MARIGOLD, POT-MARIGOLD (Calendula officinalis L.) +++ Synonym : - C. officinalis var. prolifera hort. B

California Peppertree Schinus Molle
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE (Schinus molle L.) + Synonym : - Schinus huygan Molina. Activities (California Peppertree

California Poppy Eschscholzia Californica
CALIFORNIA POPPY (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) + Activities (California Poppy) : - Analgesic (1; CRC; EFS; HHB); Ant

Camphor Cinnamomum Camphora
CAMPHOR (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl) X Synonym : - Laurus camphora L. Many books confuse camphor the tree wi

Camu Camu Myrciaria Dubia
CAMU-CAMU (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) +++ Synonyms : - M. paraensis O. Berg, Psidium dubium Kunth. Activi

Canada Yew Taxus Canadensis
CANADA YEW (Taxus canadensis Marshall) X Activities (Canada Yew) : - Abortifacient (f; CEB; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM);

Canadian Goldenrod Solidago Canadensis
CANADIAN GOLDENROD (Solidago canadensis L.) ++ Synonym : - S. longifolia Schrad. ex DC. With good reason, many auth

Cancer Herb Canaigre
CANCER HERB (Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl.) + Activities (Cancer Herb) : Antibacterial (1; TRA); Antiemetic (f;

Candlebush Senna Alata Cajuput
CANDLEBUSH (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.) + Synonym : - Cassia alata L. Activities (Candlebush) : - Abortifacient

Cane Reed Costus Speciosus
CANE REED (Costus speciosus (J. König) Sm.) ++ Synonym : - Banksea speciosa J. König. Activities (Cane Reed) :

Canola Oilseed Rape
CANOLA, OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus var. napus) ++ Synonyms : - B. campestris f. annua Schubl. & G. Martens, B. ca

Cape Aloe Candlenut
CAPE ALOE (Aloe ferox Mill.) ++ Synonym : Aloe supralaevis Haw. Activities (Cape Aloe) : Antiallergic (1; ZU

Cape Gooseberry Carline Thistle
CARLINE THISTLE (Carlina acaulis L.) ++ Activities (Carline Thistle) : Anthelminthic (f; HHB); Antibacterial (1; PH2);

Caper Capparis Spinosa
CAPER (Capparis spinosa L.) +++ Synonym : - Capparis rupestris Sm. Activities (Caper) : - Alterative (f; EFS

Capsicum Capsicum Frutescens
CAPSICUM (Capsicum frutescens L. spp.) ++ (Bell Pepper, Capsicum, Cayenne, Hot Chile, Paprika, Red Pepper.) Activities

Carambola Averrhoa Carambola
CARAMBOLA (Averrhoa carambola L.) ++ Activities (Carambola) : - Abortifacient (f; WO2); Antidote (f; WO2); Antiinflamma

Caraway Carum Carvi
CARAWAY (Carum carvi L.) ++ Synonym : - Carum velenovskyi Rohlena. Activities (Caraway) : - Anthelminthic (f

Cardamom Elettaria Cardamomum
CARDAMOM (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) ++ Synonym : - Amomum cardamomum L. Activities (Cardamom) : - Abo

Carnation Carob Ceratonia Siliqua
CARNATION (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) ++ Activities (Carnation) : - Alexeteric (f; WOI); Allergenic (1; X10400858); Anth

Carrot Daucus Carota
CARROT (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) ++ Activities (Carrot) : - Abortifacient (f; WBB; WOI); Anthe

Cascara Sagrada Frangula Purshiana
CASCARA SAGRADA (Frangula purshiana (DC.) J. G. Cooper) + Synonym : - Rhamnus purshiana DC. Activities (Cascara

Cascarilla Croton Eluteria Cashew
CASCARILLA (Croton eluteria (L.) Sw.) + Synonym : - Clutia eluteria L. Activities (Cascarilla) : - Antisepti

Cassia Cinnamomum Aromaticum Nees
CASSIA (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) +++   Synonym : Cinnamomum cassia auct. (Chinese cassia, Chinese cinnamon, as d

Cassie Cedar Of Lebanon
CASSIE (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) ++ Synonyms : - A. smallii Isely, Mimosa farnesiana L. Activities (Cassi

Castor Ricinus Communis
CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.) + Activities (Castor) : - Analgesic (1; APA; CRC); Antiabsorptive (f; PH2); Antibacterial

Catechu Black Cutch Catgut
CATECHU, BLACK CUTCH (Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd.) ++ Synonym : - Mimosa catechu L. f. Activities (Catechu) :

Cats Claw Uncaria Tomentosa
CATS CLAW (Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.) ++ Synonym : - Nauclea tomentosa Willd. ex Schult. Activi

Cauliflower Brassica Oleracea Var
CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) +++ The USDA lists only two varieties of cauliflower, the darker purple o

Cedar Juniperus Virginiana
RED CEDAR (Juniperus virginiana L.) ++ Activities (Red Cedar) : Abortifacient (1; CEB; DEM); Antiaggregant (f; CEB); A

Celandine Chelidonium Majus
CELANDINE (Chelidonium majus L.) + Activities (Celandine) : - Abortifacient (f; MAD); Alterative (f; CRC; PNC); Analges

Celery Apium Graveolens
CELERY (Apium graveolens L.) +++ Activities (Celery) : - Abortifacient (f; CAN; KAB); Analgesic (1; FEL; FNF; KAB; PED)

Celery Leaved Buttercup Ranunculus
CELERY-LEAVED BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus sceleratus L.) + Activities (Celery-Leaved Buttercup) : - Allergenic (1; FNF); Anal

Centaury European Centaury
CENTAURY, EUROPEAN CENTAURY (Centaurium erythraea Rafn) ++ Synonyms : - Centaurium minus auct., Centaurium umbellatum G

Chaff Flower Achyranthes Aspera
CHAFF-FLOWER (Achyranthes aspera L.) ++ Activities (Chaff-Flower) : - Abortifacient (1; DEP; SKJ; WO2; ZUL); Alterative

Chamomile Matricaria Recutita
CHAMOMILE (Matricaria recutita L.) +++ Synonyms : - Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, M. chamomilla auct. Act

Champac Chayote Sechium Edule
CHAMPAC (Michelia champaca L.) ++ Activities (Champac) : - Abortifacient (f; SKJ); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Antifertility (

Chaparral Creosoe Bush
CHAPARRAL, CREOSOTE BUSH (Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville) X Synonyms :, - L. mexicana Moric., Zygo

Chasteberry Vitex Agnus Castus
CHASTEBERRY (Vitex agnus-castus L.) ++ Activities (Chasteberry) : - Analgesic (1; BGB); Anaphrodisiac (f; BRU; MAB); An

Chaulmoogra Hydnocarpus Spp
CHAULMOOGRA (Hydnocarpus spp.) X The medicinally most important species in this taxonomically difficult genus are Hydnocar

Chebulic Myrobalan Haritali
CHEBULIC MYROBALAN, HARITALI (Terminalia chebula Retz.) + Unfortunately, PH2 gives the common name, tropical almond (more

Cheken Cherry Laurel
CHEKEN (Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray.) ++ Synonyms : - Eugenia chequen Molina, Myrtus chequen. Activities (Che

Chickpea Gram Cicer Arietinum
CHICKPEA, GRAM (Cicer arietinum L.) +++ Activities (Chickpea) . - Anthelminthic (f; WO2); Antianemic (1; FNF); Antiathe

Chickweed Stellaria Media
CHICKWEED (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) ++ Synonym : - Alsine media L. Activities (Chickweed) : - Antiinflamm

Chicory Cichorium Intybus
CHICORY (Cichorium intybus L.) +++ Synonyms : - C. intybus var. foliosum Hegi, C. intybus var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch.

China Rose Chinese Club Moss
CHINA ROSE (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) ++ Activities (China Rose) : - Analgesic (1; TRA); Antiestrogenic (1; AAB; TRA);

Chinaberry Melia Azedarach
CHINABERRY (Melia azedarach L.) + Synonyms : - M. azedarach var. japonica (G. Don) Makino, M. toosendan Siebold & Z

Chinese Cucumber Trichosanthes Kirilowii
CHINESE CUCUMBER (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.) X Activities (Chinese Cucumber) : - Abortifacient (1; FAY); Antisepti

Chinese Motherwort Leonurus Japonicus
CHINESE MOTHERWORT (Leonurus japonicus Houtt.) + Synonyms : - L. artemisia (Lour.) S.Y. Hu, L. heterophyllus Sweet, L.

Chinese Olive Canarium Vulgare
CHINESE OLIVE (Canarium vulgare Leenh.) ++ Synonym : C. commune auct. The herbal PDR takes the easy way out and calls C

Chinese Peony Paeonia Lactiflora
CHINESE PEONY (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) + Synonyms : - P. edulis Salisb., P. fragrans Redoute. Activities (Chi

Chinese Quininefeve Flower
CHINESE QUININE, FEVER FLOWER (Dichroa febrifuga Lour.) + Activities (Chinese Quinine) : - Antiarrhythmic (1; DAA); Ant

Chinese Senega Root Chinese Pink
CHINESE SENEGA ROOT (Polygala tenuifolia Willd.) ++ Activities (Chinese Senega Root) : Anticonvulsant (1; KEB); Anxioly

Chirata Swertia Chirayita
CHIRATA (Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst.) ++ Synonyms : - Gentiana chirata Wall., G. chirayita Roxb. ex

Chiricsanango Brunfelsia Grandiflora
CHIRICSANANGO (Brunfelsia grandiflora D. Don.) X I have aggregated the three most popular Amazon species, doubting that th

Chives Chlorella Chlorella Spp
CHIVES (Allium schoenoprasum L.) +++ Synonyms : - A. schoenoprasum var. alpinum DC., Allium sibiricum L. Activi

Chocolate Vine Chokecherry Bitter Berry
CHOCOLATE-VINE (Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne.) ++ Activities (Chocolate-Vine) : - Analgesic (f; DAA; PH2); Antiedemic

Christmas Rose Black Hellebore
CHRISTMAS ROSE, BLACK HELLEBORE (Helleborus niger L.) X Activities (Christmas Rose) : - Abortifacient (f; PHR; PH2); An

Chryanthemum Mum Chrysanthemum
CHRYSANTHEMUM, MUM (Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat.) ++ Synonyms : - Anthemis grandiflorum Ramat., A. stipulacea Moen

Cilantro Eryngium Foetidum
CILANTRO (Eryngium foetidum L.) + The name cilantro is also applied to leaves of coriandrum. Activities (Cilantro) : B

Cinchona Quinine Redbark
CINCHONA, QUININE, REDBARK (Cinchona pubescens Vahl) + Synonym : - C. succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch. USDA prefers thi

Cinnamon Cinnamomum Verum
CINNAMON (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) +++ Synonyms : - C. zeylanicum Blume, Laurus cinnamomum L. I have aggregated c

Cinnamon Vine Chinese Yam Clary
CINNAMON-VINE, CHINESE YAM (Dioscorea batatas Decne.) ++ Synonym : - Dioscorea opposita auct. Activities (Cinna

Cleavers Galium Aparine
CLEAVERS (Galium aparine L.) ++ Activities (Cleavers) : - Alterative (f; DAA; EFS; PNC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antidy

Clematis Cl?mbing Potato
CLEMATIS (Clematis recta L.) + EFS, properly methinks, treat C. recta and C. vitalba, as a unity. Activities (Clem

Cloves Syzygium Aromaticum
CLOVES (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry) +++ Synonyms : - Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatic

Clubmoss Lycopodium Clavatum
CLUBMOSS (Lycopodium clavatum L.) ++ Activities (Clubmoss) : - Analgesic (f; DEM); Antispasmodic (f; EFS; HHB); Aphrodi

Clusterleaf Cocillana Guarea Rusbyi
CLUSTERLEAF (Terminalia sericea Burch ex DC.) + Activities (Clusterleaf): - Antibacterial (1; HDN); Antiemetic (f; ZIM)

Coca Erythroxylum Coca Lam
COCA (Erythroxylum coca Lam.) + Activities (Coca) : - Analgesic (f; CRC; HHB); Anesthetic (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Antibacte

Cockscomb Celosia Argentea Cristata
COCKSCOMB (Celosia argentea L. var. cristata (L.) Kuntze) +++ Synonym : - C. cristata L. Foster and Yue treat flowe

Coconut Cocos Nucifera
COCONUT (Cocos nucifera L.) +++   Activities (Coconut) : - Anthelmintic (f; DAD; MPI); Antibacterial (f; DAD); Anti

Codonopsis Codonopsis Spp
CODONOPSIS (Codonopsis spp.) + Activities (Codonopsis) : - Adrenolytic (1; LAF); Antiaging (1; APA); Antihistaminic (f;

Coffee Coffea Arabica
COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) ++ Activities (Coffee) : - Absorbent (2; PHR); Analeptic (1; PHR; PH2); Analgesic (1; CRC; P

Coffee Senna Senna Occidentalis
COFFEE SENNA (Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.) + Synonym Cassia occidentalis L. Activities (Coffee Senna) : - A

Cola Cola Spp
COLA (Cola spp.) ++ Activities (Cola) : - Analeptic (1; KOM; PHR; PH2); Anorectic (1; CRC; PHR); Antidepressant (f; CAN

Coleus Plectranthus Barbatus Andrews
COLEUS (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews) ++ Synonyms ; - Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth., Coleus forskohlii auct., P. fo

Coloctnth Bitter Apple Wild Gourd
COLOCYNTH, BITTER APPLE, WILD GOURD (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) X Synonyms : - Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad., C

Colombo Jateorhiza Palmata
COLOMBO (Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers) + Synonyms : - Cocculus palmatus DC, Jateorhiza calumba Miers., J. miersii Ol

Colorado Four O Clok Columbine
COLORADO FOUR OCLOCK (Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A. Gray) + Synonyms ; - Oxybaphus multiflorus Torr., Quamoclidion mu

Coltsfoot Tussilago Farfara
COLTSFOOT (Tussilago farfara L.) + Activities (Coltsfoot) : - Antiaggregant (1; APA; CAN); Antibacterial (1; CAN; CRC;

Comfrey Symphytum Spp
COMFREY (Symphytum spp.) + Most contributors cited S. officinale but few studies are vouchered and the species are difficu

Common Buckthorn Rhamnus Cathartica
COMMON BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus cathartica L.) + Activities (Common Buckthorn) : - Antitumor (1; FNF; HOX; PNC); Collyrium (f

Common Daffodil Common Gromwell
COMMON DAFFODIL (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) X Activities (Common Daffodil): - Antimitotic (1; HHB); Antispasmodic (f

Common Reed Contrahierba
COMMON REED (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) ++ Synonyms : - Arundo phragmites L., A. vulgaris Lam., P. co

Condor Plant Eagle Vine
CONDOR PLANT, EAGLE VINE (Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f.) + Synonym : - Marsdenia reichenbachii Triana. Often spelled Co

Conessi Kurchi Holarrhena Pubescens
CONESSI, KURCHI (Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don) + Synonyms : - Chonemorpha antidysenterica (Roxb. ex Fleming) G.

Congorosa Maytenus Ilicifolia Marf
CONGOROSA (Maytenus ilicifolia Marf. ex Reissek) +   Activities (Congorosa) : - Antibacterial (1; HH2); Antisarcomi

Copaiba Coral Bean
COPAIBA (Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.) + Activities (Copaiba) : - Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; JAD; PH2); Carm

Coral Root Cornflower Bachelors Button
CORAL ROOT (Corallorhiza odontorrhiza) + Activities (Coral Root) : - Antipyretic (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; PH2); Sedati

Coriander Coriandrum Sativum
CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum L.) ++ (Leaves sometimes called cilantro.) Activities (Coriander) : - Alexeteric (f;

Corn Poppy Corn Poppy
CORN POPPY (Papaver rhoeas L.) + Activities (Corn Poppy) : - Analgesic (f; PH2; PNC); Antibacterial (f; PH2); Antiinfla

Corn Silk Zea Mays
CORN SILK (Zea mays L.) +++ Activities (Corn Silk) : - Antiedemic (f; FAD); Cardiotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Cell Proliferant

Corydalis Corydalis Ambigua Cham
CORYDALIS (Corydalis ambigua Cham. & Schltdl. and/or C. yanhusuo) (Y. H. Chou & Chun. C. Hsu) W. T. Wang) + HH

Costus Kuth Saussurea Costus
COSTUS, KUTH (Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch) ++ Synonyms : - Aplotaxis lappa Decne., Aucklandia costus Falc., Saussur

Cottontree Cochlospermum Religiosum
COTTONTREE (Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston.) ++ Synonyms : - Bombax gossypium L., C. gossypium (L.) DC., Maximili

Couchgrass Qquackgrass Elytrigia Repens
COUCHGRASS, QUACKGRASS (Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski) ++ Synonyms : - Agropyron firmum J. Presl, A. repens (L.

Cow Parsnip Heracleum Sphondylium
COW PARSNIP (Heracleum sphondylium L.) + Activities (Cow Parsnip) : - Allergenic (1; FNF; PH2); Anthelmintic (f; HHB);

Cowitch Cowhage Velvetbean
COWITCH, COWHAGE, VELVETBEAN (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) ++ Activities (Cowitch) : - Alexeteric (f; DEP); Analgesic (f;

Cowslip Primula Veris
COWSLIP (Primula veris L.) ++ Synonym : - P. officinalis (L.) Hill. Activities (Cowslip) : - Allergenic (1;

Crampbark Viburnum Opulus
CRAMPBARK (Viburnum opulus L.) ++ PH2 was nice with this one, treating the American Viburnum prunifolium and ignoring the

Cranberry Vaccinium Macrocarpum Aiton
CRANBERRY (Vaccinium macrocarpum Aiton) +++ Synonym : - Oxycoccus macrocarpos (Aiton) Pers. Activities (Cranber

Cranesbill Geranium Maculatum
CRANESBILL (Geranium maculatum L.) ++ Activities (Cranesbill) : - Antiseptic (1; CEB; CRC); Astringent (1; CRC; PH2); C

Creat Andrographis Paniculata
CREAT (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees.) + Synonym : - Justicia paniculata Burm. f. Activities

Cubeb Piper Cubeba
CUBEB (Piper cubeba L. f.) ++ Activities (Cubeb) : - Antibacterial (1; MPI); Antiseptic (1; MPI; PH2); Antiviral (1; PN

Cuckoopint Arum Cudweed
CUCKOOPINT, ARUM (Arum maculatum L.) X Activities (Cuckoopint) : - Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PH2); Expectorant (f; EFS; PH2)

Culebra Cyclamen Cyclamen Europaeum
CULEBRA (Brugmansia aurea Lagerh.) X Synonym : - Methysticodendron amesianum R. E. Schultes. Activities (Culebr

Cumin Cuminum Cyminum
CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum L.) +++ Synonym : - C. odorum Salisb. Activities (Cumin) : - Abortifacient (f; BIB; P

Cupmoss Cup Plant
CUPMOSS (Cladonia pyxidata (L.) E. Fries.) ++ Activities (Cupmoss) : - Antitussive (f; PH2); Expectorant (f; EFS; PH2).

Curryleaf Murraya Koenigii
CURRYLEAF (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.) + Synonyms : - Bergera koenigii L., Chalcas koenigii (L.) Kurz. Activ

Cypress Mediterranean Cypress Spurge
CYPRESS (MEDITERRANEAN) (Cupressus sempervirens L.) ++ Synonym : - C. sempervirens var. stricta Aiton. Activiti

Daffodil Narcissus Tazetta
DAFFODIL (Narcissus tazetta L.) X Synonym : - Narcissus canaliculatus Guss. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Pr

Damiana Turnera Diffusa Willd
DAMIANA (Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult.) ++ Synonym : - Turnera microphylla Desv. ex Ham. Activities (Damian

Dandelion Taraxacum Officinale
DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wigger f.) +++ Synonyms : - Leontodon taraxacum L., Taraxacum dens-leoni

Darnel Lolium Temulentum
DARNEL (Lolium temulentum L.) X Activities (Darnel) : - Analgesic (f; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC; MAD); Narcotic (1; CRC)

Date Palm Phoenix Dactylifera
DATE PALM (Phoenix dactylifera L.) +++ Activities (Date) : - Antipyretic (f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; DEP); Candidici

Daylily Hemerocallis Fulva
DAYLILY (Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.) + Synonyms : Cemerocallis fulva var. kwanso Regel, H. fulva var. rosea Stout, H. l

Death Angel Justicia Pectoralis
DEATH ANGEL (Justicia pectoralis Jacq.) + Activities (Death Angel) : - Abortifacient (1; FNF); Antiaggregant (1; FNF);

Deer Tongue Deodar Cedar
DEER TONGUE (Trilisa odoratissima (Walter ex J. F. Gmel.) Cass.) + Synonym : Carphephorus odoratissimus (J. F. Gmel.) H

Devil Pepper Divining Sage
DEVIL-PEPPER (Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.) + Synonyms : - R. canescens L., R. heterophylla Roem. & Schult., R. hirsuta

Devils Claw Harpagophytum Procumbens
DEVILS CLAW (Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC ex. Meisn.) ++ Synonym : Uncaria procumbens Burch. Activities

Digitalis Digitalis Purpurea
DIGITALIS (Digitalis purpurea L.) X Activities (Digitalis) : - Antidote (f; CRC); Antitumor (1; CRC); Cardiotonic (f; C

Dill Anethum Graveolens
DILL (Anethum graveolens L.) ++ Synonyms : A. sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Benth. & Hook f. B

Divi Divi Caesalpinia Bonduc
DIVI-DIVI (Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.) ++ Synonyms : Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming, C. crista auct. Amer., Gui

Dodder Clover Dodo Kankan
DODDER, CLOVER DODDER (Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L.) +  Synonym : C. europaea var. epithymum L. Activities (Do

Dogbane Indian Hemp
DOGBANE, INDIAN HEMP (Apocynum cannabinum L.) X Synonym : A. suksdorfii Greene. Activities (Dogbane) : Abort

Dogwood Cornus Florida
DOGWOOD (Cornus florida L.) ++ Activities (Dogwood) : - Analgesic (f; DEM); Antidote (f; DEM); Antiplasmodial (1; PHR);

Dokudami Chamaleon Plant
DOKUDAMI, CHAMALEON PLANT (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) ++ Activities (Dokudami) : - Antibacterial (1; DAA); Anticapillar

Dong Quai Angelica Sinensis
DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) + Synonym : - Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis Oliv. Activities (D

Douglas Fir Dragons Blood
DOUGLAS FIR (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) + Activities (Douglas Fir) : - Antidote, cicuta (f; DEM); Antisepti

Dragons Blood Palm Duckweed
DRAGONS BLOOD PALM (Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume) + Synonym : Calamus draco Willd. Activities (Dragons Bloo

Drosera Round Leaved Sundew
DROSERA, ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW (Drosera rotundifolia L.) ++   One cannot tell whether the PDR entry for D. ramentacea re

Du Zhong Gutta Percha Tree
DU ZHONG, GUTTA-PERCHA TREE (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) ++ Activities (Du Zhong) : Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor (1; X90280

Dumbcane Dieffenbachia Seguine
DUMBCANE (Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott) X Synonyms : - Arum seguine Jacq., Caladium maculatum G. Lodd., Dieffen

Dusty Miller Dutchmans Breeches
DUSTY-MILLER (Senecio cineraria DC.) X Synonym : Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Tod. Activities (Dusty-Miller) : C

Dwarf Brich Dwarf Elder
DWARF BIRCH (Betula pumila L.) ++ Synonyms : B. hallii Howell, B. pumila var. fastigiata hort. ex Rehder. Indic

Dwarf Mallow Dyers Broom
DWARF MALLOW (Malva pusilla Sm.) +++ Synonyms : M. borealis Wallman, M. rotundifolia L. Activities (Dwarf Mallo

Dyers Woad Dysentery Bark
DYERS WOAD (Isatis tinctoria L.) + Activities (Dyers Woad) : Antiaggregant (1; X3416386); Antidermatophytic (1; X736749

Eastern Larch Eastern Mistletoe
EASTERN LARCH (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) ++ Synonym : Pinus laricina Du Roi. Activities (Eastern Larch)

Echinacea Purple Coneflower Echinacea
ECHINACEA, PURPLE CONEFLOWER (Echinacea spp.) +++   True Confessions: I have taken the heretical view here of believin

Eclipta Eclipta Prostrata
ECLIPTA (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) ++ Synonyms : Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., E. punctata L., Verbesina alba L., Verbesin

Eggplant Solanum Melongena
EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.) ++ Activities (Eggplant) : Antianaphylactic (1; X11352546); Antiatherosclerotic (1; X41

El Nene Endive Cichorium Endivia
EL NENE (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd) + Synonyms : Coleus blumei Benth., C. blumei var. verschaffeltii (Lem.

Elderberry Sambucus Canadensis
ELDERBERRY (Sambucus canadensis L.) +++   Activities (Elderberry) : - Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Anti

Elecampane Inula Helenium
ELECAMPANE (Inula helenium L.) ++   Activities (Elecampane) : - Alterative (PNC); Anthelminthic (1; PED; PH2); Anti

Elm Bark European Field Elm
ELM BARK, EUROPEAN FIELD ELM (Ulmus minor Mill.) +++ Synonyms : U. campestris L., U. carpinifolia Gled., U. carpin

Emblic Myrobalan Phyllanthus Emblica
EMBLIC MYROBALAN (Phyllanthus emblica L.) ++ Synonyms Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Mirobalanus embilica Burm. Ac

English Adders Tongue Daisy
ENGLISH ADDERS TONGUE (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.) ++ Activities (English Adders Tongue) : - Antiseptic (f; DAA; EFS; PH2

English Holly Ilex Aquifolium
ENGLISH HOLLY (Ilex aquifolium L.) + Synonyms : - I. aquifolium f. bacciflava (Weston) Rehder, I. aquifolium f. ferox (

English Walnut Juglans Regia
ENGLISH WALNUT (Juglans regia L.) + Synonyms : - J. duclouxiana Dode, J. fallax Dode, J. kamaonica (C. DC.) Dode, J. or

Ephedra Ma Huang Ephedra
EPHEDRA, MA HUANG (Ephedra spp.) XXX   Usually referred to as Ephedra sinica Stapf. Activities (Ephedra) :

Ergot Eryngo Eryngium Campestre
ERGOT (Claviceps purpurea) X Activities (Ergot) : Ecbolic (1; EFS); Emmenagogue (1; EFS); Hemostat (1; EFS); Toxic (1;E

Ethiopian Pepper Xylopia Aethiopica
ETHIOPIAN PEPPER (Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich.) ++ Activities (Ethiopian Pepper) : - Abortifacient (f; UPW); Ant

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Globulus Labill
EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) ++ Activities (Eucalyptus) : - Analgesic (1; TRA); Anesthetic (1; CRC); Anthel

Euphorbia Chamaesyce Hirta
EUPHORBIA (Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.) + Synonyms : - Euphorbia hirta L., E. pilulifera L. Activities (Eupho

European Ash Fraxinus Excelsior
EUROPEAN ASH (Fraxinus excelsior L.) ++ Activities (European Ash) : Analgesic (1; PH2); Antibacterial (1; PNC); Antiinf

European Corn Mint
EUROPEAN CORN MINT (Mentha arvensis L.) +++ Synonyms : M. austriaca Jacq., M. gentilis L. I have a great respect fo

European Elder Sambucus Nigra
EUROPEAN ELDER (Sambucus nigra L.) +++ Synonyms : - S. nigra f. alba (Weston) Rehder, f. aurea (Sweet) Schwer., f. lanc

European Five Finger CinQuefoil
EUROPEAN FIVE-FINGER, CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla reptans L.) ++ Activities (European Five-Finger) : - Antipyretic (f; WOI);

European Larch Vater Hemlock
EUROPEAN LARCH (Larix decidua Mill.)++ Synonyms : Larix europaea DC., Pinus larix L. Activities (European Larch

European Pennyroyal Mentha Pulegium
EUROPEAN PENNYROYAL (Mentha pulegium L.) X Synonym : Pulegium vulgare Mill. Activities (European Pennyroyal) :

European Peony Paeonia Officinalis
EUROPEAN PEONY (Paeonia officinalis L.) + Activities (European Peony) : - Abortifacient (f; PHR; PH2); Alterative (f; C

European Yew Taxus Baccata
EUROPEAN YEW (Taxus baccata L.) X Synonyms : - T. baccata var. aurea Carrière, var. fastigiata (Lindl.) Loudon, var. fa

Evening Primrose Oenothera Biennis
EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera biennis L.) +++ Synonyms : - O. acutifolia Rostanski, O. biennis var. sulfurea Kleb., O. ch

Evodia Tetradium Ruticarpum
EVODIA (Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Juss.) T. G. Hartley) ++ Synonyms : Boymia ruticarpa A. Juss., Euodia bodinieri Dode,

Eyebright Euphrasia Spp
EYEBRIGHT (Euphrasia spp.) + Taxonomy very murky. PH2 entries purportedly refer to E. officinalis, a synonym of E. rostkov

Faba Bean Vicia Faba
FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) ++ Activities (Faba Bean) : - Antialcoholic (2; HAD); Antiangiogenic (1; FNF); Antiparkinsoni

Fair Flax False Schisandra
FAIRY FLAX, MOUNTAIN FLAX (Linum catharticum L.) + Activities (Fairy Flax) : Bitter (f; PH2); Emetic (f; PH2); Diuretic

False Unicorn Root Devils Bit
FALSE UNICORN ROOT, DEVILS BIT (Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray) + Synonyms : - Helonias dioica; and in the PH2, Verat

Fang Ji Fever Bark
FANG JI, HAN FANG JI (Stephania tetrandra S. Moore) + Activities (Fang Ji) : Analgesic (1; DAA); Antiaggregant (1; KEB)

Fennel Foeniculum Vulgare Mill
FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) ++ Activities (Fennel) : - Abortifacient (1; CRC); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Analgesic (1;

Fenugreek Trigonella Foenum Graecum
FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) +++ Activities (Fenugreek) : - Analgesic (f; MAD); Anesthetic (1; TAD); Antiat

Feverfew Tanacetum Parthenium
FEVERFEW (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.) ++ Synonyms : - Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh., C. praealtum Vent.

Field Scabious Knautia Arvensis
FIELD SCABIOUS (Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult.) ++ Synonyms: - Scabiosa arvensis L., Trichera arvensis Schrader.

Fig Ficus Carica
FIG (Ficus carica L.) ++   Activities (Fig) : - Alexeteric (f; BIB); Allergenic (1; HH3); Anticancer (1; X11473446)

Figword Scrophularia Nodosa
FIGWORT (Scrophularia nodosa L.) + Activities (Figwort) : Alterative (f; FEL); Analgesic (f; EFS; FEL); Antiinflammator

Fireweed Epilobium Angustifolium
FIREWEED (Epilobium angustifolium L.) ++   Synonyms : - Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., Chamerion angustifol

Fish Berry Foam Flower
FISH BERRY, LEVANT NUT (Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn.) + Synonyms : - Anamirta paniculata Colebr., Menispermu

Five Leaved Chaste Tree
FIVE-LEAVED CHASTE TREE, HUANG JING (Vitex negundo L.) ++ Activities (Five-Leaved Chaste Tree) : - Alterative (f; EFS);

Flannelweed Country Mallow
FLANNELWEED, COUNTRY MALLOW (Sida cordifolia L.) ++ Activities (Flannelweed) : - Abortifacient (f; HDN); Alterative (f;

Flax Linum Usitatissimum
FLAX (Linum usitatissimum L.) +++ Synonyms : - Linum crepitans (Boenn.) Dumort., L. humile Mill., L. usitatissimum subs

Fo Ti Polygonum Multiflorum Thunb
FO-TI (Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.) +++ Activities (Fo-Ti) : - Antiaging (2; AKT; APA; FAY; KEB; LAF); Antiatheroscler

Fools Parsley Forget Me Not
FOOLS PARSLEY (Aethusa cynapium L.) X Activities (Fools Parsley) : Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Hallucinogen (f; CRC); Poiso

Forsythia Golden Bells
FORSYTHIA, GOLDEN BELLS (Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl) ++ Synonym : - Syringa suspensa Thunb. Activities (F

Four O Clock Mirabilis Jalapa
FOUR OCLOCK (Mirabilis jalapa L.) + Activities (Four OClock) : Alterative (f; DAW); Antiabortive (f; JFM); Antiseptic (

Fragrant Sumac Rhus Aromatica
FRAGRANT SUMAC (Rhus aromatica Aiton)+ + Synonym : Rhus canadensis Marshall. Activities (Fragrant Sumac) : A

Frangula Alder Buckthorn
FRANGULA, ALDER BUCKTHORN, GLOSSY BUCKTHORN (Frangula alnus Mill.) + Synonyms : - Rhamnus frangula L., Rhamnus frangula

Frankincense Olibanum Frasers Fir
FRANKINCENSE, OLIBANUM (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) ++ Synonym : Boswellia carteri Birdw. (HHB and WO2 data refer to B

Fringetree Frost Mint
FRINGETREE (Chionanthus virginicus L.) + Activities (Fringetree) : Alterative (f; CRC; EFS; FAD); Aperient (f; CRC; EFS

Frostwort Fucus Bladderwrack
FROSTWORT (Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.) + Activities (Frostwort) : Alterative (f; EFS); Astringent (f; EFS; HHB;

Fumitory Fumaria Officinalis
FUMITORY (Fumaria officinalis L.) + Activities (Fumitory) : - Amphicholeretic (1; BRU; HHB; PHR; PH2); Anesthetic (1; H

Galanga Kaempferia Galanga
GALANGA (Kaempferia galanga L.) ++ See also lesser and greater galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.); very confusing. B

Galbanum Ferula Gummosa Boiss
GALBANUM (Ferula gummosa Boiss.) + Synonym : - Ferula galbaniflua Boiss. & Buhse. Activities (Galbanum) : B

Gambir Pale Catechu Gamboge
GAMBIR, PALE CATECHU (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) + Synonyms : Nauclea gambir W. Hunter, Ourouparia gambir (W. Hu

Garden Cress Lepidium Sativum
GARDEN CRESS (Lepidium sativum L.) ++ Activities (Garden Cress) :  - Abortifacient (f; DEP; PH2); Antibacterial (1

Gardenia Cape Jasmine
GARDENIA, CAPE JASMINE (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) ++ Synonyms : G. augusta Merr., G. florida L., G. radicans Thunb

Garlic Allium Sativum
GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) +++ For much more information, see Koch & Lawsons excellent Garlic Book (LAW). Activiti

Garlic Veed Gbanja Kola
GARLIC WEED (Petiveria alliacea L.) + Activities ( Garlic Weed) : Abortifacient (1; 60P; TRA; WOI; X1841991); Analgesic

Gentian Gentiana Lutea
GENTIAN (Gentiana lutea L.) ++ Activities (Gentian) : - Analgesic (1; HHB); Antiemetic (1, BGB); Antiinflammatory (1; A

German Ipecac German Sarsaparilla
GERMAN IPECAC, WHITE SWALLOWWORT (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.) + Synonyms : Asclepias vincetoxicum L., Cynanchum v

Giant Milkweed Calotropis Gigantea
GIANT MILKWEED (Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton) X Synonyms : - Asclepias gigantea L. C. procera, with very simila

Ginger Bush Tetradenia Riparia
GINGER BUSH (Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd.) + Synonym : Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N. E. Br., Moschosma riparia Hochs

Ginger Zingiber Officinale Roscoe
GINGER (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) +++ Synonym : Amomum zingiber L. Activities (Ginger) : Analgesic (1; FAY

Ginkgo Maidenhair Tree
GINKGO, MAIDENHAIR TREE (Ginkgo biloba L.) + (Downgraded for safety) Activities (Ginkgo) : - Antiaggregant (2; BGB; KOM

Ginseng Oriental Ginseng
GINSENG, ORIENTAL GINSENG (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) +++   Synonym : - Panax schinseng T. Nees. Regrettably,

Glory Lily Gloriosa Superba
GLORY-LILY (Gloriosa superba L.) X Synonym : Clinostylis speciosa Hochst., Gloriosa abyssinica A. Rich., G. homblei De

Glossy Frivet Ligustrum Lucidum
GLOSSY PRIVET (Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton) ++ Activities (Glossy Privet) : - Analgesic (f; DAA; FAY); Antiallergic (

Goats Rue Golden Chain Tree
GOATS RUE (Galega officinalis L.) + Activities (Goats Rue) : Alterative (f; KOM); Antiaggregant (f; PH2); Antidiabetic

Golden Dewdrop Golden Eye Grass
GOLDEN DEWDROP (Duranta erecta L.) + Synonym : D. plumieri Jacq., D. repens L. Activities (Golden Dewdrop) : BR

Golden Shower Goutweed
GOLDEN SHOWER, PURGING CASSIA (Cassia fistula L.) + Activities (Golden Shower) : Abortifacient (f; JFM); Alexeteric (f;

Goldenrod Solidago Virgaurea
GOLDENROD (Solidago virgaurea L.) ++ With good reason, many authors have taken a generic approach to Solidago. EFS aggrega

Goldenseal Hydrastis Canadensis
GOLDENSEAL (Hydrastis canadensis L.) + Activities (Goldenseal) : - Alterative (1; CRC; PNC); Amebicide (1; FNF; PH2); A

Goldthread Coptis Spp
GOLDTHREAD (Coptis spp.) + Coptis chinensis Franch., Coptis deltoides C.Y. Cheng & Hsiao, Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Mak

Gotu Kola Centella Asiatica
GOTU KOLA (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) ++ Synonym : - Hydrocotyle asiatica L., H. erecta L. f. Some WBB entries ma

Grains Of Paradise Granadilla
GRAINS-OF-PARADISE (Aframomum melegueta K. Schum.) ++ Synonym : Amomum melegueta Roscoe. Activities (Grains-of-

Grape Vitis Vinifera
GRAPE (Vitis vinifera L.) +++ See also grapeseed where entries refer strictly to the seed; here I include all the folklore

Grapefruit Grape Seed
GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus x paradisi Macfad.) ++ Activities (Grapefruit) : Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); An

Gravel Root Gray Walleflower
GRAVEL ROOT (Eupatorium purpureum L.) + Synonym : Eupatoriadelphus purpureus (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. Acti

Greater Galangal Alpinia Galanga
GREATER GALANGAL (Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.) ++ Synonyms : Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz., Maranta galanga L. Historically

Greater Periwinkle Vinca Major
GREATER PERIWINKLE (Vinca major L.) + Most authors suggest that the greater and lesser periwinkle are generically intercha

Greek Oregano Green Alder
GREEK OREGANO (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) +++ Synonym : Salvia triloba L. f. I suspect that this could be used interch

Green Hellebore Ground Pine
GREEN HELLEBORE (Helleborus viridis L.) X Activities (Green Hellebore) : Bradycardic (1; HHB); Cardiac (f; EFS); Diuret

Green Or Black Tea
GREEN or BLACK TEA (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) ++ Activities (Green or Black Tea) : - ACE Inhibitor (1; WO2); Amebi

Ground Ivy Glechoma Hederacea
GROUND IVY (Glechoma hederacea L.) ++ Activities (Ground Ivy) : - Alexeteric (f; CRC); Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (

Groundsel Senecio Vulgaris
GROUNDSEL (Senecio vulgaris L.) X Madaus, rightly or wrongly, says that S. jacobaea and S. vulgaris have the same effects.

Guaiacum Guaiacum Officinale
GUAIACUM (Guaiacum officinale L.) + Activities (Guaiacum) : - Abortifacient (f; JFM); Antiinflammatory (f; CAN; PNC); A

Guar Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba
GUAR (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) ++ Synonyms : - Cyamopsis psoraloides (Lam.) DC., Dolichos psoraloides Lam.,

Guar Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba
GUAR (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) ++ Synonyms : - Cyamopsis psoraloides (Lam.) DC., Dolichos psoraloides Lam.,

Guarana Paullinia Cupana Kunth
GUARANA (Paullinia cupana Kunth) ++   Activities (Guarana): - Analgesic (f; DAV); Anorectic (1; APA); Antiaggregant

Guava Psidium Guajava
GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) ++ Synonyms : P. cujavillus Burm. f., P. pomiferum L., P. pumilum Vahl, P. pyriferum L.

Gugul Commiphora Wightii
GUGUL (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari) ++ Synonyms : - Balsamodendrum mukul Hook. ex Stocks, B. wightii Arn., C. mu

Gulancha Heart Leaved Moonseed
GULANCHA, HEART-LEAVED MOONSEED (Tinospora cordifolia L.) + Activities (Gulancha) : Adaptogen (1; PR13:275); Alterative

Gum Arabic Acacia Senegal
GUM ARABIC (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.) +++ Synonyms : A. verek Guill. & Perr., Mimosa senegal L., Senegalia senega

Gumweed Grindelia Squarrosa
GUMWEED (Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal) + The Herbal PDR says that Commission E approved gumweed (Grindelia camporum)

Gymnema Gymnema Sylvestre
GYMNEMA (Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult.) + Activities (Gymnema) : - Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f; KAB); Anorec

Hairy Strophanthus Strophanthus Hispidus
HAIRY STROPHANTHUS (Strophanthus hispidus DC.) X Since the PH2 data are based on cardenolides, I have cited them also for

Haronga Harungana Madagascariensis Lam
HARONGA (Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir.) + Synonym: Haronga madagascariensis Choisy. Activities (Har

Hartstongue Heart Of Jesus
HARTSTONGUE (Asplenium scolopendrium L. var. scolopendrium) ++ Synonyms: Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm, Scolopendr

Hawthorn Crataegus Spp
HAWTHORN (Crataegus spp.) +++ Synonyms: - C. laevigata (Poir.) DC; C. oxyacantha L., C. monogyna Jacq. C. oxyacantha L

Heather Calluna Vulgaris
HEATHER (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.) + Activities (Heather) : Antiinflammatory (1; EFS); Antilithic (f; KOM); Antisept

Heavenly Bamboo Hedge Bindweed
HEAVENLY BAMBOO (Nandina domestica Thunb.) + Activities (Heavenly Bamboo) : Antiaging (f; DAA); Antibacterial (1; FAY);

Hedge Hyssop Gratiola Officinalis
HEDGE HYSSOP (Gratiola officinalis L.) X Activities (Hedge Hyssop) : - Cardiotonic (1; PH2); Cytotoxic (1; PNC); Digita

Hedge Mustard Hemp Agrimony
HEDGE MUSTARD (Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.) ++ Synonym: Erysimum officinale L. Activities (Hedge Mustard)

Heliotrope Hemlock Tsuga Canadensis
HELIOTROPE (Heliotropium europaeum L.) + Activities (Heliotrope) : Antipyretic (f; CRC; EFS); Carcinogenic (1; CRC; FNF

Hemp Nettle Herb Paris
HEMP NETTLE (Galeopsis sp.) + Activities (Hemp Nettle) : Antiulcer (f; MAD); Astringent (1; BIS; HHB; PHR); Diuretic (f

Henbane Hyoscyamus Niger
HENBANE (Hyoscyamus niger L.) X Activities (Henbane) : Analgesic (1; CRC; DEP; PNC); Anesthetic (1; CRC); Antiacetylcho

Henna Lawsonia Inermis
HENNA (Lawsonia inermis L.) ++ Synonym: Lawsonia alba Lam. Activities (Henna) : Abortifacient (f; AHP; CRC;

Herb Robert Hercules Clup
HERB ROBERT (Geranium robertianum L.) ++ Activities (Herb Robert) : Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiviral (1; PH2); Astring

Hierba Santa Piper Auritum
HIERBA SANTA (Piper auritum Kunth.) + Activities (Hierba Santa) : - Alpha-2-Adrenergic Agonist (1; TRA); Anesthetic (f;

Himalayan Fir Abies Spectabilis
HIMALAYAN FIR (Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach) ++ Synonyms: - Abies webbiana Lindl., Pinus spectabilis D. Don, P. we

Holly American Holly Hollyhock
HOLLY, AMERICAN HOLLY (Ilex opaca Sol. ex Aiton) ++ Activities (Holly) : Antipyretic (f; MAD); Collyrium (f; DEM); Diap

Holly Basil Ocimum Tenuiflorum
HOLY BASIL (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) ++ Synonym: O. sanctum L. Formerly better known as Ocimum sanctum. SKJ suggests

Homalomena Honey Herb
HOMALOMENA (Homalomena spp.) + Activities (Homalomena) : Antiseptic (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (f; CR

Honey Locust Honeysuckle
HONEY LOCUST (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) ++ Activities (Honey Locust) : Analgesic (f; CRC); Antidote (f; DEM); Antitussi

Hops Humulus Lupulus
HOPS (Humulus lupulus L.) +++ Activities (Hops) : - Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; BGB; CRC; MAD; PNC; WAM); Anaphr

Horny Goat Weed Barrenwort
HORNY GOAT WEED, BARRENWORT, YINYANGHUO (Epimedium spp.) ++ Most often cited as yinyanghuo (Pinyin) is Epimedium grandif

Horse Chestnut Aesculus Hippocastanum
HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) ++   Synonym: - A. hippocastanum f. memmingeri (K. Koch) Schelle.

Horsemint Monarda Punctata
HORSEMINT (Monarda punctata L.) ++ Activities (Horsemint) : - Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiemetic (f; CEB; FEL); Antiseptic

Horseradish Armoracia Rusticana
HORSERADISH (Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al.) ++ Synonyms: - A. lapathifolia Gilib. ex Usteri, Cochlearia armora

Horsetail Equisetum Arvense
HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense L.) + Activities (Horsetail) : - Antibacterial (1; APA; PED); Antiedemic (1; APA); Antiinf

Horseweed Fleabane Canadian Fleabane
HORSEWEED, FLEABANE, CANADIAN FLEABANE (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist) + Synonym: - Erigeron canadensis L.

Hottentot Fig Hounds Tongue
HOTTENTOT FIG (Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bolus) +++ Synonym: - Mesembryanthemum edule L. Activities (Hottento

Houseleek Sempervivum Tectorum
HOUSELEEK (Sempervivum tectorum L.) + Activities (Houseleek) : Alterative (f; EFS); Antioxidant (1; PH2); Antipyretic (

Hu Zhang Mexican Bamboo
HU-ZHANG, MEXICAN BAMBOO (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr.) +++ Synonym: - Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zu

Huang Qi Astragalus Membranaceus
HUANG QI (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ex Link) Bunge) ++ Synonym: - Phaca membranacea Fisch. ex Link. Regretta

Hwema Corynanthe Pachycera
HWEMA (Corynanthe pachycera K. Schumann) + Activities (Hwema) : - Analgesic (1; PH2); Anesthetic (1; PH2); Antiacetylch

Hydrangea Hydrangea Arborescens
HYDRANGEA (Hydrangea arborescens L.) ++ Synonyms: - Viburnum alnifolium Marshall, V. americanum Mill. Activiti

Hyssop Hyssopus Officinalis
HYSSOP (Hyssopus officinalis L.) ++ Activities (Hyssop) : - Abortifacient (f; EFS); Antibacterial (1; FNF; WAM); Antica

Iboga Tabernanthe Iboga Baill
IBOGA (Tabernanthe iboga Baill.) X Activities (Iboga) : Anesthetic (f; HDN); Antiaddictive (1; X10891627); Anticholines

Iceland Moss Cetraria Islandica
ICELAND MOSS (Cetraria islandica Achar.) ++ Activities (Iceland Moss) : - Antibacterial (1; APA; BIS); Anticancer (1; P

Ignatius Bean Strychnos Ignatii
IGNATIUS BEAN (Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius) X Synonym: - S. tieute Lesch. Activities (Ignatius Bean) :

Indian Acalypha Acalypha Indica
INDIAN ACALYPHA (Acalypha indica L.) ++ Activities (Indian Acalypha) : - Analgesic (f; MPI; WO2); Antibacterial (1; PH2

Indian Almond Terminalia Catappa
INDIAN ALMOND (Terminalia catappa L.) ++ Synonym: - Phytolacca javanica Osbeck. Activities (Indian Almond) : B

Indian Barberry Tree Turmeric
INDIAN BARBERRY, TREE TURMERIC (Berberis aristata DC.) + Activities (Indian Barberry) : - Alpha-Adreno Inhibitor (1; WO

Indian Cassia Indian Elecampane
INDIAN CASSIA (Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm.) ++ Synonym: - Laurus tamala Buch.-Ham. Activi

Indian Heliotrope Heliotropium Indicum
INDIAN HELIOTROPE (Heliotropium indicum L.) + Activities (Indian Heliotrope) : - Abortifacient (f; DAV); Analgesic (f;

Indian Ipecac Tylophora Indica
INDIAN IPECAC (Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.) X Synonym: - Asclepias asthmatica L. f., Cynanchum indicum Burm. f.,

Indian Nightshade Solanum Lasiocarpum
INDIAN NIGHTSHADE (Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal) + Synonyms: _ S. ferox auct., S. indicum L. Activities (Indian N

Indian Or Himalayan Rhubarb
INDIAN or HIMALAYAN RHUBARB (Rheum australe D. Don) + Synonym: - Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn. Activities (India

Indian Physic American Ipecac
INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC (Gillenia stipulatus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Baill.) + Synonyms: - Porteranthus stipulatus (M

Indian Sarsaparilla Indian Strawbery
INDIAN SARSAPARILLA (Hemidesmus indicus (L.) W. T. Aiton) + Synonym: - Periploca indica L. Activities (Indian

Indian Valerian Valeriana Jatamansi
INDIAN VALERIAN (Valeriana jatamansi Jones) ++ Synonyms: - Nardostachys jatamansi (Jones) DC., Patrina jatamansi (Jone

Indigo Indigofera Tinctoria
INDIGO (Indigofera tinctoria L.) ++ Synonym: I. sumatrana Gaertn. Activities (Indigo) : Allergenic (1; CRC)

Intoxicating Mint Ipecac
INTOXICATING MINT (Lagochilus inebrians Bunge.) + Activities (Intoxicating Mint) : - Antispasmodic (f; CRC); Hallucinog

Irish Moss Chondrus Crispus
IRISH MOSS (Chondrus crispus Stackhouse) +++ Activities (Irish Moss) : - Antiaggregant (1; HHB); Antiinflammatory (1; A

Ivy Gourt Coccinia Grandis
IVY GOURD (Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt) ++ Synonyms: - Cephalandra indica Naud., Coccinia codifolia auct., Coccinia

Ivy Hedera Helix
IVY (Hedera helix L.) + Activities (Ivy) : - Allergenic (1; APA; CRC; PH2); Amebicide (1; BGB; PNC); Analgesic (1; APA;

Jaborandi Pilocarpus Spp
JABORANDI (Pilocarpus spp) + PHR covered Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardleworth. Activities (Jaborandi) : - A

Jack In The Bush Jack In The Pulpit
JACK IN THE BUSH (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.) + Synonym: - Eupatorium odoratum L. Activ

Jack Pine Jalap
JACK PINE (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) ++ Activities (Jack Pine) : - Decongestant (f; CEB). Indications (Jack Pine)

Jackass Bitters Neurolaena Lobata
JACKASS BITTERS (Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br.) ++ Synonyms: - Conyza lobata L., C. symphytifolia Mill., Pluchea symph

Jamaica Dogwood Piscidia Piscipula
JAMAICA DOGWOOD (Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.) + Synonyms: - Erythrina piscipula L., Ichthyomethia piscipula (L.) Hit

Japanese Atractylodes Atractylodes Japonica
JAPANESE ATRACTYLODES (Atractylodes japonica (Koidz.) Kitam) ++ Some data also apply to Atractylodes ovata in HH3. Perry t

Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera Japonica
JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) ++ Synonyms: - L. aureoreticulata T. Moore, L. japonica var. aureo-ret

Jasmine Common Jasmine Java Plum
JASMINE, COMMON JASMINE (Jasminum officinale L.) + Activities (Jasmine) : - Anesthetic (f; EFS); Antispasmodic (f; HHB)

Jatamansi Indian Nard Nardostachys
JATAMANSI, INDIAN NARD (Nardostachys grandiflora DC.) ++ Synonym: - Nardostachys jatamansi auct. Activities (J

Java Tea Orthosiphon Aristatus
JAVA TEA (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) ++ Synonyms: - Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li,

JeQuirity Abrus Precatorius
JEQUIRITY (Abrus precatorius L.) X Synonym: - Glycine abrus L. Activities (Jequirity) : - Abortifacient (1;

Jewelweed Impatiens Capensis Meerb
JEWELWEED (Impatiens capensis Meerb.) + Synonyms: I. biflora Walter and I. pallida Nutt. are considered synonyms by yours

Jiaogulan Gynostemma Pentaphyllum
JIAOGULAN (Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino) ++ Synonyms: - G. pedatum Blume, Vitis pentaphylla Thunb.

Jimsonweed Datura Stramonium
JIMSONWEED (Datura stramonium L.) X Synonyms: - D. inermis Juss. ex Jacq., D. stramonium var. chalybea W. D. J. Koch,

John Charles Hyptis Verticillata
JOHN CHARLES (Hyptis verticillata Jacq.) ++ Activities (John Charles) : - Antibacterial (1; MPG); Anticancer (1; AAB);

John Charles Hyptis Verticillata
JOHN CHARLES (Hyptis verticillata Jacq.) ++ Activities (John Charles) : Antibacterial (1; MPG); Anticancer (1; AAB); An

Jojoba Simmondsia Chinensis
JOJOBA (Simmondsia chinensis (Link.) C. K. Schneid.) ++ Synonyms: - Buxus chinensis Link., Simmondsia californica Nutt

Jujube Common Jujube
JUJUBE, COMMON JUJUBE, CHINESE DATE (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) +++ Synonyms: - Rhamnus zizyphus L., Ziziphus sativa Gaert

Juniper Juniperus Communis
JUNIPER (Juniperus communis L.) +   Activities (Juniper) : - Alexeteric (f; KAB); Allergenic (f; APA); Analgesic (1

Jurema Jute Leaves Only
JUREMA (Mimosa hostilis Benth.) + Activities (Jurema) : Astringent (1; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC);

Kale Brassica Oleracea Var
KALE (Brassica oleracea var. viridis L. etc.) +++ The USDA lists more than 20 varieties of kale, many of them, especially

Kamala Kamyuye Hoslundia Opposita
KAMALA (Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg.) + Activities (Kamala) : - Antibacterial (1; KAP; WOI); Anticancer (1;

Kapok Ceiba Pentandra Karaya
KAPOK (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) ++ Synonyms: Bombax pentandrum L., Ceiba caribaea (DC.) A. Chev., C. casearia Med

Kava Piper Methysticum
KAVA (Piper methysticum G. Forster) ++ Activities (Kava) : - Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (1; APA; FNF; WAM); Anaphro

Kelp Khaki Bush Wild Marigold
KELP (Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Postels & Rupr.) ++ Dosages (Kelp) : 4 - 6 (400-mg) tablets (APA); 2 - 3 tsp po

Khat Kidney Vetch
KHAT (Catha edulis (Vahl) Forrsk. ex Endl.) + Synonym: - Celastrus edulis Vahl. Activities (Khat) : - Anore

Kiwi Actinidia Deliciosa Kola
KIWI (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson) ++ Synonyms: - A. chinensis var. deliciosa A. C

Kombe Strophanthus Kombe Oliv
KOMBE (Strophanthus kombe Oliv.) X Used like S. gratus, but reportedly milder. Activities (Kombe) : - Anxiolyti

Konjac Amorphophallus Konjac
KONJAC (Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch) ++ Synonyms: - A. rivieri Durieu, A. rivieri var. konjac (K. Koch) Engl. B

Korean Mint Koussa
KOREAN MINT (Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze) ++ Synonym: - Cophanthus rugosus Fisch. & C. A. Me

Kratum Kwashi Pancratium
KRATUM (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) + Activities (Kratum) : - Analgesic (1; CRC); Anesthetic (1; ABS; FNF); Antitussive

Kudzu Pueraria Montana
KUDZU (Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida) ++   Activities (Kudzu) : -

Labrador Tea Lady Fern
LABRADOR TEA (Ledum groenlandicum Oeder) + Synonyms: - Ledum latifolium Jacq., Ledum palustre susp. groenlandicum (Oed

Ladys Bedstraw Ladys Mantle
LADYS BEDSTRAW (Galium verum L.) ++ Activities (Ladys Bedstraw) : - Alterative (f; WOI); Antispasmodic (f; HHB); Aphrod

Ladys Slipper Cypripedium Spp
LADYS SLIPPER (Cypripedium spp.) XX (endangered) PH2 data apply only to nerve root Cypripedium calceolus L.; DEM data ap

Lambkill Laminaria Langsat Duku
LAMBKILL (Kalmia angustifolia L.) X Synonym: K. intermedia Lange. Activities (Lambkill) : Analgesic (f; DEM

Larkspur Forking Larkspur Latua
LARKSPUR, FORKING LARKSPUR (Consolida regalis S. F. Gray) X Synonym: - Delphinium consolida L. I hope the nonbotan

Lavender Cotton Lemon
LAVENDER-COTTON (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.) + Activities (Lavender-Cotton) : - Analgesic (f; CRC; WOI); Antibacteri

Lavender Lavandula Spp
LAVENDER (Lavandula spp.) ++ The KOM and PH2 references specify Lavandula angustifolia Mill., but I doubt there is any way

Lemon Bush Lemon Verbena
LEMON BUSH (Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng.) ++ Synonym: Verbena javanica Burm. f. Activities (Lemon Bush)

Lemon Wood Lesser Galangal
LEMON WOOD (Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E. H. Wilson) ++ Synonym: S. chinensis var. rubriflora Franch. B

Lemonbalm Melissa Officinalis
LEMONBALM (Melissa officinalis L.) +++ Activities (Lemonbalm) Analgesic (1; JAR10:7); Antibacterial (1; APA; BGB; PH2;

Lemongrass Cymbopogon Citratus
LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) ++ Synonym: Andropogon citratus DC. Activities (Lemongrass) : Abortifacie

Lesser Periwinkle Vinca Minor
LESSER PERIWINKLE (Vinca minor L.) + Activities (Lesser Periwinkle) : Anesthetic (1; HH2; WBB); Antialzheimeran (1; FNF

Levant Cotton Gossypium Herbaceum
LEVANT COTTON (Gossypium herbaceum L.) + Synonym: Gossypium transvaalense G. Watt. Species not necessarily dis

Levant Wormseed Lime
LEVANT WORMSEED (Artemisia cina O. Berg) X Synonym: Seriphidium cinum (O. Berg) Poljakov Activities (Levant Wo

Licorice Glycyrrhiza Glabra
LICORICE (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) ++ I suspect the Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) has all the same activities and

Life Root SQuaw Weed
LIFE-ROOT, SQUAW WEED (Senecio aureus L.) XXX Golden Ragwort in PH2. Activities (Life-Root) : Abortifacient (f;

Lily Of The Valley Lima Bean
LILY OF THE VALLEY (Convallaria majalis L.) X Activities (Lily of the Valley): Antiseptic (1; PNC); Cardiotonic (1; CRC

Linden Tilia Spp
LINDEN (Tilia spp.) ++ Activities (Linden): Analgesic (f; PH2); Antibacterial (1; HH3); Antiedemic (1; PH2); Antisepti

Lobelia Lobelia Inflata
LOBELIA (Lobelia inflata L.) + Activities (Lobelia) : Analeptic (1; PH2); Antiasthmatic (1; CAN; CRC); Anticholinestera

Logwood Longleaf Pine
LOGWOOD (Haematoxylum campechianum L.) ++ Activities (Logwood) : Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Ant

Long Pepper Piper Longum
LONG PEPPER (Piper longum L.) +++ Activities (Long Pepper) : Abortifacient (f; KAB; MPI; SKJ); Alterative (f; KAP; MPI)

Loossestrife Lysimachia Vulgarislotus Lotus
LOOSESTRIFE (Lysimachia vulgaris L.) + Activities (Loosestrife) : Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (f; EFS; PNC); Expec

Lovage Levisticum Officinale
LOVAGE (Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Koch) ++ Activities (Lovage) : Antiinflammatory (1; SHT); Antilithic (2; PHR); A

Lucky Nut Yellow Oleander
LUCKY NUT, YELLOW OLEANDER (Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.) X Synonyms: Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Cerbera

Lungmos Lungwort Lichen Lungmoss
LUNGMOSS, LUNGWORT LICHEN (Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.) + Synonym: Sticta pulmonaria L. Activities (Lungmos

Maca Madder Dyers Madder
MACA, PERUVIAN GINSENG (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) ++ Synonym: Lepidium peruvianum Chacon. Activities (Maca): BR

Magnolia Vine Schisandra Chinensis
MAGNOLIA VINE (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) + Synonym: Kadsura chinensis Turcz. Activities (Magnolia

Maidenhair Fern Maitake
MAIDENHAIR FERN (Adiantum capillus-veneris L.) ++ Activities (Maidenhair Fern): Antipyretic (f; DAA; DEP); Astringent

Malabar Nut Justicia Adhatoda
MALABAR NUT (Justicia adhatoda L.) + Synonym: Adhatoda vasica Nees Activities (Malabar Nut) : Abortifacient

Malabar Tamarind Garcinia Cambogia
MALABAR TAMARIND (Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr.) ++ Synonym: Mangostana cambogia Gaertn. Activities (Malab

Male Fern Dryopteris Filixmas
MALE FERN (Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott) X (downgraded from CRC Edition 1) Activities (Male Fern) : Abortifacie

Mallow Hing Mallow
MALLOW, HIGH MALLOW (Malva sylvestris L.) +++ Synonyms: M. mauritiana L., M. sylvestris var. incanescens Griseb.

Manaca Manchineel Hippomane Manchinella
MANACÁ (Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D. Don) X Synonyms: Brunfelsia hopeana (Hook.) Benth., Franciscea hopeana Hook., F.

Mandrake Mandragora Officinarum
MANDRAKE (Mandragora officinarum L.) X Synonym: M. vernalis Bertol. Activities (Mandrake): Anesthetic (1;

Mango Mangifera Indica
MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) ++ Activities (Mango) : Analgesic (f; DAD); Antibacterial (f; DAD); Antifibrotic (1; MPI);

Manna Marsh Blazing Star
MANNA (Fraxinus ornus L.) ++ Activities (Manna) :  Aperient (f; DAW); Astringent (f; MAD); Demulcent (f; BIB); Exp

Marijuana Cannabis Sativa
MARIJUANA (Cannabis sativa L.) ++ Synonym: Cannabis indica L. Activities (Marijuana) : Abortifacient (f; KA

Maritime Pine Pinus Pinaster
MARITIME PINE (Pinus pinaster Aiton) ++ Synonym: Pinus maritima Lam. Activities (Maritime Pine) : Analgesic

Marsh Marigold Marsh Tea
MARSH-MARIGOLD (Caltha palustris L.) + Synonym: C. polypetala Hochst. ex Lorent. Activities (Marsh-Marigold) :

Marshmallow Althaea Officinalis
MARSHMALLOW (Althaea officinalis L.) +++ Synonym: A. taurinensis DC. Activities (Marshmallow) : Analgesic (

Martagon Marula Sclerocarya Birrea
MARTAGON (Lilium martagon L.) ++ PH2s covers Lilium candidum L. and L. martagon L. but excludes Lilium tigrinum Ker Gawl,

Marupa Bitter Wood
MARUPA, BITTER WOOD (Simarouba amara Aubl.) + Synonym: Quassia simarouba L. f. Activities (Marupa) : Abortifaci

Masterwort Peucedanum Ostruthium
MASTERWORT (Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W. D. J. Koch.) + Synonym: Imperatoria major Gray, I. ostruthium L. Act

Mastic Pistacia Lentiscus
MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus L.) + Activities (Mastic) : Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; BIB; CRC); Antibacterial (1;

Mate Ilex Paraguariensis St
MATÉ (Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil.) ++ Activities (Maté) Analeptic (2; PIP); Analgesic (1; BGB; CAN); Anorecti

Matico Piper Aduncum
MATICO (Piper aduncum L.) ++ Synonyms: Piper angustifolium Ruiz & Pav., P. celtidifolium Kunth, P. elongatum Vahl.

Matrimony Vine Lycium Barbarum
MATRIMONY VINE (Lycium barbarum L.) ++ Synonyms :  L. halimifolium Mill., L. vulgare Dunal. FAY treat L. barbarum

Mayapple American Mandrake
MAYAPPLE, AMERICAN MANDRAKE (Podophyllum peltatum L.) X Activities (Mayapple) Acaricide (1; CRC); Allergenic (

Meadowsweet Filipendula Ulmaria
MEADOWSWEET (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.) ++ Synonym: Spiraea ulmaria L. Activities (Meadowswee

Melatonin
MELATONIN (+)-N.A. Activities (Melatonin) : Antiaging; Antidepressant; Antioxidant; Synchronizer. Indications (

Melon Cantaloupe Cucumis Melo
MELON, CANTALOUPE (Cucumis melo L.) +++ Activities (Melon) : Antiacne (1; PAM); Antiaging (1; FNF); Antialcoholic (f; B

Mescal Mescal Bean MesQuite
MESCAL (Agave sisalana Perrine) ++ Activities (Mescal) : Abortifacient (1; WO2); Allergenic (1; CRC); Cicatrizant

Metel Mexican Calea
METEL, HINDU DATURA (Datura metel L.) X Synonyms: D. alba Nees, D. chlorantha Hook., D. fastuosa L., D. metel var. fas

Mezereon Milkweed Asclepias Syriaca
MEZEREON (Daphne mezereum L.) X Activities (Mezereon) : Abortifacient (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Alterative (f; EFS); Antiaggr

Milk Thistle Silybum Marianum
MILK THISTLE (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) +++ Synonym : Carduus marianus L. Activities (Milk Thistle) :

Mimosa Missouri Snakeroot
MIMOSA (Albizia julibrissin Durazz.) ++ Synonym : : Mimosa arborea Forssk. Activities (Mimosa) : Analgesic (

Mistletoe Viscum Album
MISTLETOE (Viscum album L.) X Activities (Mistletoe) : Antifertility (f; SKJ); Antileukemic (1; PNC); Antineoplastic (1

Mohodu Wa Pela Mole Plant
MOHODU-WA-PELA (Cineraria aspera Thunb.) +  Activities (Mohodu-Wa-Pela) : Fumitory (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC)

Moneywort Monkshood Aconitum Napellus
MONEYWORT (Lysimachia nummularia L.) + Activities (Moneywort) : Antacid (f; EFS); Antibacterial (f; PH2); Antipyretic (

Moonseed Mormon Tea
MOONSEED (Menispermum canadense L.) + Activities (Moonseed) : Alterative (f; CRC); Cyanogenic (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f;

Morning Glory Ipomoea Hederacea
MORNING GLORY (Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.) + Synonyms : I. barbigera Sweet, Pharbitis hederacea (Jacq.) Choisy I

Mother Of Thyme Thymus Serpyllum
MOTHER OF THYME (Thymus serpyllum L.) +++ Foster and Duke (1985) treat mother of thyme as T. pulegioides (FAD), Tucker and

Motherwort Leonurus Cardiaca
MOTHERWORT (Leonurus cardiaca L.) ++ Activities (Motherwort) : Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC; EFS); Antiaggreg

Mountain Ash Nountain Avens
MOUNTAIN ASH (Sorbus americana Marshall) ++ So similar to S. aucuparia that few people know with which they are dealing. P

Mountain Laurel Mouse Ear Hawkweed
MOUNTAIN LAUREL (Kalmia latifolia L.) X Synonym : K. latifolia var. myrtifolia Bosse. Activities (Mountain Lau

Mugwort Artemisia Vulgaris
MUGWORT (Artemisia vulgaris L.) + Synonym : A. vulgaris var. coarctata Forselles ex Besser. Activities (Mugwor

Muira Puma Ptychopetalum Olacoides
MUIRA PUAMA (Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth.) ++ Activities (Muira Puama) : Aperitif (f; CRC; MAD); Aphrodisiac (1; ABS;

Mullein Verbascum Spp
MULLEIN (Verbascum spp.) ++ Primarily Verbascum densiflorum Bertol (Synonym: V. thapsiforme Schrad.) and common mullein, V

Musk Mallow Musk Okra
MUSK-MALLOW, MUSK OKRA (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) ++ Synonym : Hibiscus abelmoschus L. Activities (Musk-Ma

Mustard Brassica Juncea
MUSTARD (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch, and Sinapis alba L.) ++ Many writers do not distinguish

Myrrh Commiphora Myrrha
MYRRH (Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and other spp.) ++ Synonyms : Balsamodendrum myrrha Nees, Commiphora molmol Engl

Myrtle Myrtus Communis
MYRTLE (Myrtus communis L.) ++ Activities (Myrtle) : Analgesic (f; FEL); Antibacterial (1; BIB; PH2); Antiedemic (1; MP

Nasturtium Tropaeolum Majus
NASTURTIUM (Tropaeolum majus L.) + Activities (Nasturtium) : Allergenic (1; HH2); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antipyretic (

Neem Azadirachta Indica
NEEM (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) + Synonyms : Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb., Melia azadirachta L. The Her

Nepalese Cardamom Amomum Aromaticum
NEPALESE CARDAMOM (Amomum aromaticum Roxb.) ++ According to WOI, A. aromaticum and A. subulatum are pretty much used inter

Nettle Urtica Dioica
NETTLE (Urtica dioica L.) +++ MAD entries may apply as well to Urtica urens, the smaller dog nettle. Activities (N

New Jersey Tea
NEW JERSEY TEA (Ceanothus americanus L.) ++ Synonyms : C. americanus var. intermedius (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray, C.

Niando Iporuru Alchornea Floribunda
NIANDO, IPORURU (Alchornea floribunda Muell. Arg.) X Regrettably, PH2 cites the Duke and Vasquez Amazonian Ethnobotanical

Niauli Melaleuca Viridiflora Sol
NIAULI (Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.) + Activities (Niauli) : Antibacterial (1; JAD; PHR); Antiseptic (1; JAD;

Night Blooming Cereus
NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS (Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britt. & Rose) + Synonym : Cactus grandiflorus L. Ac

Noni Indian Mulberry
NONI, INDIAN MULBERRY (Morinda citrifolia L.) +++ Activities (Noni) : Analgesic (1; HAD); Antiarthritic (1; TRA); Antip

Northern Maidenhair Pointer Weed
NORTHERN MAIDENHAIR, POINTER WEED (Adiantum pedatum L.) ++ PH2 entries apply to European maidenhair. Grieve’s A Mode

Nutmeg Myristica Fragrans Houtt
NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) ++ Synonym : M. officinalis L. f. Activities (Nutmeg) : Abortifacient (f

Nux Vomica Strychnos Nux Vomica
NUX VOMICA (Strychnos nux-vomica L.) X Activities (Nux Vomica) : Abortifacient (f; CRC); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Analgesic

Oak Quercus Spp
OAK (Quercus spp.) ++ MAD and PH2 = Quercus robur L. (“Stieleiche” (German) in this entry). I think our white

Oakgall Quercus Infectoria Olivier
OAKGALL (Quercus infectoria Olivier.) ++ Galls follow deposition of wasp eggs on leaf buds, resulting in round bitter gall

Oats Avena Sativa
OATS (Avena sativa L.) +++ Activities (Oats) : Antidepressant (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (2; BGB; KOM); Antiprostagland

Okra Olive Leaf
OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) ++ Synonym : Hibiscus esculentus L. Activities (Okra) Abortifacient (f;

Olive Oil OloliuQui Moonflower
OLIVE OIL (Olea europaea L.) +++ Activities (Olive Oil) : Antiaggregant (1; APA); Antidote, lead (f; FEL); Cardioprotec

Onion Allium Cepa
ONION (Allium cepa L.) +++ Activities (Onion) : Allergenic (1; APA); Amebicide (1; X10594976); Antiaggregant (2; BGB; K

Opium Antidote Orange Peel
OPIUM ANTIDOTE (Combretum micranthum G. Don) + Activities (Opium Antidote) : Antibacterial (1; HHB); Antidote, opium (f

Opium Poppy Papaver Somniferum
OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.) (+++ seeds) (XXX opium) Activities (Opium Poppy) : Abortifacient (f; SKJ); Analgesi

Orange Citrus Sinensis
ORANGE (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) ++ Synonyms : C. aurantium var. sinensis L., C. macracantha Hassk. Activi

Ordeal Bean Calabar Bean
ORDEAL BEAN, CALABAR BEAN (Physostigma venenosum Balf.) X Activities (Ordeal Bean) : Anticholinesterase (1; HH3); Antic

Oregano Origanum Vulgare
OREGANO (Origanum vulgare L.) +++ Activities (Oregano) : Analgesic (1; APA); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthrit

Oregon Grape Mahonia Aquifolium
OREGON GRAPE (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) + Synonyms : Berberis aquifolium Pursh, B. diversifolia (Sweet) Steud.

Oriental Arborvitae Platycladus Orientalis
ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco) + Synonyms : Biota orientalis, Retinispora juniperoides Carri

Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus Paniculatus
ORIENTAL BITTERSWEET (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) X Synonym : C. dependens Wall. Activities (Oriental Bitter

Orris Iris Spp
ORRIS (Iris spp) + Are the irises, or the taxonomists, or me screwed up? In a rare show of bravery, Steinmetz (EFS) covers

Oxeye Daisy Leucanthemum Vulgare
OXEYE DAISY (Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.) ++ Synonym : Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Activities (Oxeye Daisy) :

Pacific Yew Taxus Brevifolia
PACIFIC YEW (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) X PHR treats the European yew, Taxus baccata; APA treats the Western Yew, Taxus brevi

Pagoda Tree Styphnolobium Japonicum
PAGODA TREE (Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott) + Synonym : Sophora japonica L., S. japonica f. pendula Zabel.

Pakistani Ephedra Ephedra Gerardiana
PAKISTANI EPHEDRA (Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf) + Activities (Pakistani Ephedra) : Alterative (f; CRC); Analeptic

Pansy Viola Tricolor
PANSY (Viola tricolor L.) ++ Synonym : V. tricolor var. hortensis DC. Can be substituted for V. odorata L.(FEL).

Papaya Carica Papaya
PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) +++ Synonyms : C. peltata Hook. & Arn., C. posoposa L., Papaya carica Gaertn. Ac

Paper Mulberry Broussonetia Papyrifera
PAPER MULBERRY (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.) ++ Synonyms : Morus papyrifera L., Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze

Pareire Curare Chondrodendron Tomentosum
PAREIRA, CURARE (Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav.) + Activities (Pareira) : Anesthetic (1; PH2); Anticonvulsan

Parica Parsley Piert
PARICA (Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb.) + Activities (Parica) : Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Toxic (f; C

Parsley Petroselinum Crispum
PARSLEY (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill) ++ Synonyms : Apium crispum Mill., A. petroselinum L., Caru

Parsnip Pastinaca Sativa
PARSNIP (Pastinaca sativa L.) + Activities (Parsnip) : Abortifacient (f; MAD); Antispasmodic (1; WOI); Aphrodisiac (f;

Passionflower Passiflora Incarnata
PASSIONFLOWER (Passiflora incarnata L.) ++ Activities (Passionflower) : Analgesic (1; APA; PNC); Antibacterial (1; APA;

Patchouli Pogostemon Cablin
PATCHOULI (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.) + Synonym : Mentha cablin Blanco. IHB data apply to closely rela

Pau Darco Tabebuia Spp
PAU D’ARCO (Tabebuia spp.) + Activities (Pau d’Arco) : Abortifacient (1; MAB); Alexeteric (f; CRC); Analges

Pawpaw Peanut Arachis Hypogaea
PAWPAW (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) + Synonym : Annona triloba L. Activities (Pawpaw) : Allergenic (1; PH2)

Pear Pearly Everlasting
PEAR (Pyrus communis L.) +++ Synonyms : P. asiae-mediae Popov, P. balansae Decne., P. bourgaeana Decne., P. domestica

Peegee Pellitory Of The Wall
PEEGEE (Hydrangea paniculata Seibold) ++ Synonyms : H. paniculata var. intermedia Bois ex Nakai, H. paniculata var. pr

Pepper Bark Petroleum Plant
PEPPER BARK, FEVER TREE (Warburgia salutaris (Bertol. f.) Chiov.) + Activities (Pepper Bark) : Analgesic (1; FNF; ZUL)

Peppermint Mentha Piperita
PEPPERMINT (Mentha x piperita L.) +++ Activities (Peppermint) : Allergenic (1; FAD); Analgesic (1; APA; BGB; FEL; SHT);

Perilla Perilla Frutescens
PERILLA (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) ++ Synonyms : Dentidia nankinensis Lour., Ocimum frutescens L., Perilla argu

Peyote Pheasants Eye
PEYOTE (Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J. M. Coult.) + Synonym : Echinocactus williamsii Lem. ex Salm-Dyck.

Phyllanthus Phyllanthus Niruri
PHYLLANTHUS (Phyllanthus niruri L.) + P. amarus, P. debilis, P. fraternus and P. niruri are confused in the field and in t

Picrorhiza Picrorhiza Kurrooa Royle
PICRORHIZA (Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.) + Activities (Picrorhiza) : Analgesic (1; KEB); Antiaging (f; PM8:125);

Pigeonpea Cajanus Cajan
PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan (L.). Millsp.) +++ Synonyms : C. bicolor DC., C. flavus DC., C. indicus Spreng., Cytisus caja

Pilewort Ranunculus Ficaria
PILEWORT (Ranunculus ficaria L.) + Synonym : Ficaria ranunculoides Moench. Activities (Pilewort) : Astringe

Pimpinella Pimpinella Saxifraga
PIMPINELLA (Pimpinella saxifraga L.) ++ KOM treats P. saxifraga L. and P. major (L.) Huds. as one. PHR and PH2 call it jus

Pineapple Ananas Comosus
PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) +++ Synonyms : A. ananas (L.) Voss, A. duckei hort., A. sativus Schult. & Sc

Pinkroot Spigelia Marilandica
PINKROOT (Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.) X Synonym : Lonicera marilandica L. The Herbal PDR mentions wormwood grass

Pipsissewa Chimaphila Spp
PIPSISSEWA (Chimaphila spp.) ++ Activities (Pipsissewa) : Alterative (f; PNC); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiaggregant (1; F

Piripiri Cyperus Articulatus
PIRIPIRI (Cyperus articulatus L.) ++ Synonym : C. corymbosus Rottb. Thank goodness for scientific names. Of al

Pitcher Plant Sarracenia Purpurea
PITCHER PLANT (Sarracenia purpurea L.) + Activities (Pitcher Plant) : Astringent (1; FEL); Diaphoretic (f; HHB); Diure

Plantain Plantago Major
PLANTAIN (Plantago major L.) ++ Commission E does not index this species (KOM), but Blumenthal (2000) extended much ribwor

Pleurisy Root Asclepias Tuberosa
PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias tuberosa L.) + Activities (Pleurisy Root) : Abortifacient (f; TOM); Analgesic (f; FAD; PH2);

Plum European Plum Plumbago
PLUM, EUROPEAN PLUM (Prunus domestica L.) + Activities (Plum) : Antiaging (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antipyretic

Poison Hemlock Conium Maculatum
POISON HEMLOCK (Conium maculatum L.) X Activities (Poison Hemlock) : Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Anaphrod

Poison Ivy Poinsettia
POISON IVY (Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.) X Synonyms : Rhus toxicodendron L., R. toxicodendron var. quercifolium Mich

Poke Root Phytolacca Americana
POKE ROOT (Phytolacca americana L.) X Synonym: P. Decandra L. Activities (Poke Root) : Abortifacient (f; W

Poley Teucrium Polium Pondlily
POLEY (Teucrium polium L.) + Activities (Poley) : Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiedemic (1; PH2; X2634627); Antiexudative

Pomegrarate Punica Granatum
POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) +++ Activities (Pomegranate) : Abortifacient (f; PH2; WBB); Amebicide (1; HH2; PH2);

Pontian Rhododendron Poplar Populu
PONTIAN RHODODENDRON (Rhododendron ponticum L.) X Activities (Pontian Rhododendron) : Bradycardic (f; HHB; PH2); Depur

Potato Solanum Tuberosum
POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) + Activities (Potato) : Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; CRC);

Premorse Devils Bit
PREMORSE, DEVIL’S BIT (Succisa pratensis Moench) + Synonym : Scabiosa succisa L. Activities (Premorse) :

Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum Spp
PRICKLY ASH (Zanthoxylum spp.) + Synonyms : Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. in FEL, Z. fraxineum in MAD. Activiti

Prickly Pear Prickly Poppy
PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) ++ Synonyms : Cactus ficus-indica L., Opuntia ficus-indica var. gymnoca

Princes Feather Amaranther Privet
PRINCE’S FEATHER, AMARANTH (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) ++ Synonyms : A. hybridus var. erythrostachyus Moq.,

Prostrate Knotweed Polygonum Aviculare
PROSTRATE KNOTWEED (Polygonum aviculare L.) + Synonym : P. heterophyllum Lindm. Activities (Prostrate Knotweed

Psyllium Blonde Ispaghula
PSYLLIUM, BLONDE ISPAGHULA (Plantago ovata Forsk.) +++ Synonym : P. ispaghula Roxb. ex Fleming. WHO defines Semen

Puffball Lycoperdon Pumpkin Seed
PUFFBALL (Lycoperdon spp.) ++ Activities (Puffball) : Hemostat (1; EFS). Indications (Puffball) : Anemia (

Pulsatilla PasQueflower Anemone Pulsatilla
PULSATILLA, PASQUEFLOWER (Anemone pulsatilla L.) X Synonyms : A. serotina (Schur) Coste, Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill., P.

Pumpkin Cucurbita Pepo
PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo L.) +++ Synonyms : Cucumis pepo (L.) Dumort., Cucurbita mammeata Molina. TRAMIL data based on

Puncture Vine Tribulus Terrestris
PUNCTURE VINE (Tribulus terrestris L.) +++ Activities (Puncture Vine) : Antiinflammatory (f; KAB); Antipyretic (f; SUW

Purging Croton Croton Tiglium
PURGING CROTON (Croton tiglium L.) X Activities (Purging Croton) : Abortifacient (f; KAB); Carminative (f; KAB); Cocar

Purging Nut Bubble Bush
PURGING NUT, BUBBLE BUSH (Jatropha curcas L.) X Activities (Purging Nut) : Abortifacient (f; CRC; MPG; WBB); Analgesic

Purple Beebalm Purple Gromwell
PURPLE BEEBALM (Monarda fistulosa L.) ++ Activities (Purple Beebalm) : Carminative (1; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; FAD); Ver

Purple Loosestrife Lythrum Salicaria
PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum salicaria L.) ++ Activities (Purple Loosestrife) : Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiinflammator

Purple Tephrosia Tephrosia Purpurea
PURPLE TEPHROSIA (Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.) + Activities (Purple Tephrosia) : Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f;

Purslane Portulaca Oleracea
PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea L.) +++ Activities (Purslane) : Alterative (f; DAV); Antipyretic (f; AAB); Aperient (f; D

Pussy Willow Pygeum
PUSSY WILLOW (Salix discolor Muhl.) ++ Activities (Pussy Willow) : Analgesic (1; DEM; FNF); Antiaggregant (1; FNF); An

Pussytoes Cats Foot
PUSSYTOES, CAT’S FOOT (Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.) ++ Synonym : Gnaphalium dioicum L. Activities (Pu

Pyrethrum Tanacetum Cinerariifolium
PYRETHRUM (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.) ++ Synonyms : Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Vis.,

Quassia Picrasma Excelsa
QUASSIA (Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.) + Synonym : Quassia excelsa Sw. Authors have wisely aggregated Picrasma a

Quebracho Aspidosperma Quebracho
QUEBRACHO (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl.) ++ Activities (Quebracho) : Adrenolytic (1; X7841224); Anesthetic (

Queen Annes Lace Daucus Carota
QUEEN ANNES LACE (Daucus carota L. subsp. carota) + Activities (Queen Annes Lace) : Antilithic (f; APA); Aphrodisiac (

Queens Delight Stillingia Sylvatica
QUEEN’S DELIGHT (Stillingia sylvatica Garden ex L.) X Synonyms : S. sylvatica subsp. tenuis (Small) D. J. Rogers

Quince Cydonia Oblonga Mill
QUINCE (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) ++ Synonyms : C. vulgaris Pers., Pyrus cydonia L. Activities (Quince) : Ant

Rabbit Tobacco Gnaphalium Obtusifolium
RABBIT TOBACCO (Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.) ++ Synonym : Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt.

Rabdosia Rabdosia Spp
RABDOSIA (Rabdosia spp. L.) + This is truly a generic entry aggregating data on several species of Rabdosia from 43 abstra

Radish Raphanus Sativus
RADISH (Raphanus sativus L.) +++ Activities (Radish) : Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antioxidant (1; WOI); Antiseptic (2; KO

Ramson Bear Garlic
RAMSON, BEAR GARLIC (Allium ursinum L.) +++ Activities (Ramson) : ACE Inhibitor (1; FNF; PH2); Antiaggregant (1; FNF;

Raspberry Rubus Idaeus
RASPBERRY (Rubus idaeus L.) ++ Synonyms : R. buschii (Rozanova) Grossh., R. idaeus var. vulgatus Arrh., R. vulgatus va

Rauwolfia Snakewood Rauvolfia Serpentina
RAUWOLFIA, SNAKEWOOD (Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz) + Activities (Rauwolfia) : Antiandrogenic (1; CRC); A

Red Bryony Bryonia Dioica
RED BRYONY (Bryonia dioica Jacq.) X Hager’s Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis (HHB), from which PH2 wisely draws

Red Bush Tea Red Aspalathus
RED BUSH TEA (Aspalathus sp.) +++ Activities (Red Bush Tea) : Antianemic (f; APA); Antiaging (f; APA); Antiallergic (f

Red Clover Trifolium Pratense
RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense L.) +++ Activities (Red Clover) : Alterative (f; CRC; GMH; PNC); Antiangiogenic (1; FNF

Red Currant Ribes Rubrum
RED CURRANT (Ribes rubrum L.) +++ Synonyms : R. rubrum var. sativum Rchb., R. sativum (Rchb.) Syme, R. sylvestre (Lam.

Red Head Hamelia Patens
RED HEAD (Hamelia patens Jacq.) ++ Synonym : H. erecta Jacq. Activities (Redhead) : Analgesic (1; AAB; TRA

Red Maple Red Mulberry
RED MAPLE (Acer rubrum L.) + Activities (Red Maple) : Analgesic (f; DEM); Anemiagenic (1; ABS); Astringent (f; PH2); C

Red Root Sage
RED ROOT SAGE (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) +++ Activities (Red Root Sage) : Alterative (f; FAY); Antiaging (f; AKT); An

Red Valerian Reishi
RED VALERIAN (Centranthus ruber (L.) DC.) ++ Synonym : Valeriana rubra L. Activities (Red Valerian) : Equi

Redroot Red Sandalwood
RED ROOT (Lachnanthes tinctoria (J. F. Gmel.) Elliott) + I here include L. caroliniana (DEM). Activities (Redroot)

Rehmannia Chinese Foxglove
REHMANNIA, CHINESE FOXGLOVE (Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Steud.) + Synonym : Digitalis glutinosa Gaertn. Act

Restharrow Ononis Spinosa
RESTHARROW (Ononis spinosa L.) + Activities (Restharrow) : Antiedemic (1; HH2; PH2); Antiscorbutic (1; HHB); Antisepti

Rhatany Krameria Lappacea
RHATANY (Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B.B. Simpson) ++ Synonym : K. iluca Phil., K. triandra Ruiz and Pav.

Rhubarb Da Huang Rheum Palmatum
RHUBARB, DA HUANG (Rheum palmatum L.) + Apparently used interchangeably with R. officinale Baill. (e.g., under EFS and MAD

Ribwort Plantago Lanceolata
RIBWORT (Plantago lanceolata L.) ++ Madaus (1939) treats ribwort and plantain in the same entry. Activities (Ribwo

Rice Oryza Sativa
RICE (Oryza sativa L.) +++ Synonyms : O. glutinosa Lour., O. sativa cv. italica Alef., O. sativa subsp. indica Kato, O

Rocket Larkspur Consolida Ajacis
ROCKET LARKSPUR (Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur) X Synonyms : Consolida ambigua auct., Delphinium ajacis L., D. ambiguum

Roman Chamomile Chamaemelum Nobile
ROMAN CHAMOMILE (Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.) +++ Synonyms : Anthemis nobilis L., Ormenis nobilis (L.) J. Gay ex Coss

Rose Bay Rose Laurel
ROSE BAY, ROSE LAUREL (Nerium oleander L.) X Synonyms : N. indicum Mill., N. odorum Aiton. Treated separately

Rose Hips Dogrose
ROSE HIPS, DOGROSE (Rosa canina L.) +++ Synonym : R. lutetiana Léman. Much of the German literature refers to

Rose Of Sharon Hibiscus Syriacus
ROSE-OF-SHARON (Hibiscus syriacus L.) ++ Activities (Rose-of-Sharon) : Analgesic (f; FAY); Antibacterial (1; FAY); Ant

Rose Petals Rosa Centifolia
ROSE PETALS (Rosa centifolia L.) +++ Both Commission E (KOM) and the Herbal PDR (PH2) aggregate Rosa centifolia L. and R.

Roselle Hibiscus Sabdariffa
ROSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) +++ Activities (Roselle) : Abortifacient (f; EFS); Antiaggregant (1; DAD); Antibacter

Rosemary Rosmarinus Officinalis
ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) +++ Synonym : R. officinalis var. prostratus hort. Activities (Rosemary)

Rosinweed Silphium Laciniatum
ROSINWEED (Silphium laciniatum L.) ++ Activities (Rosinweed) : Alterative (f; EFS); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antipyreti

Rosy Periwinkle Catharanthus Roseus
ROSY PERIWINKLE (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) + Synonyms : Ammocallis rosea (L.) Small, Lochnera rosea (L.) Rchb.,

Round Cardamom Leafed Wintergreen
ROUND CARDAMOM (Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton) ++ Synonym : A. kepulaga Sprague & Burkill. Activities (Ro

Rowan Berry Rubber Vine
ROWAN BERRY (Sorbus aucuparia L.) ++ Synonyms : Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn., P. aucuparia var. dulcis (Kraetzl) Asch.

Rue Ruta Graveolens
RUE (Ruta graveolens L.) + Used interchangeably with R. chalapensis L. Activities (Rue) : Abortifacient (1; AA

Rupturewort Rye Secale Cereale
RUPTUREWORT (Herniaria glabra L.) ++ EFS and HHB lump H. glabra L. with H. hirsuta L. WOI entries were reported for H. gla

Sabadilla Sacred Virola
SABADILLA (Schoenocaulon officinale (Schltdl. & Cham.) A. Gray ex Benth.) + Synonym : Veratrum officinale Schltdl.

Safflower Carthamus Tinctorius
SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) +++ Activities (Safflower) : Abortifacient (f; AHP; HHB; PH2); Analgesic (1; WO3);

Saffron Crocus Sativus
SAFFRON (Crocus sativus L.) ++ Activities (Saffron) : Abortifacient (2; PHR; PH2); Analgesic (f; APA; CRC; MAD); Antid

Sage Salvia Officinalis
SAGE (Salvia officinalis L.) +++ Activities (Sage) : Anaphrodisiac (f; FEL); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthri

Sago Cycas Salad Burnet
SAGO CYCAS (Cycas revoluta Thunb.) X Activities (Sago Cycas) : Antirheumatic (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC); Diuretic (

Salep Salpani Desmodium Gangeticum
SALEP (Orchis spp.) ++ (but X) Including O. mascula L., O. morio, O. ustula. Probably any orchid with paired bulbs suggest

Samphire Crithmum Maritimum Sandalwood
SAMPHIRE (Crithmum maritimum L.) ++ Activities (Samphire): Aperitif (f; EFS); Depurative (f; EFS); Digestive (f; EFS);

Sand Spurrey Sandy Everlasting
SAND SPURREY (Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl) ++ Synonym : Arenaria rubra L. PH2 strangely adopts

Sandarac Sandbox Tree
SANDARAC (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.) + Synonyms : Callitris articulata (Vahl) Murb., C. quadrivalvis Vent.,

Sanicle San Pedro
SANICLE (Sanicula europaea L.) ++ Activities (Sanicle) : Alterative (f; PNC); Antiedemic (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Antiinfl

Sarsaparilla Smilax Aristolochiifolia Mill
SARSAPARILLA (Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.) +++ Synonym : S. medica Schltdl & Cham. APA lists Smilax off

Sassafras Sassafras Albidum
SASSAFRAS (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) + (or X, CAN) Synonyms : Laurus albida Nutt., Sassafras officinale Nees &am

Sassy Bark Sausage Tree
SASSY BARK, ORDEAL TREE (Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan) X Synonyms : Erythrophleum guineense G.

Savin Juniperus Sabina
SAVIN (Juniperus sabina L.) + Activities (Savin) : Abortifacient (f; CRC; HHB); Anticancer (1; PH2); Antineoplastic (1

Savory Satureja Sp
SAVORY (Satureja sp.) +++ The PH2 entries are for Satureja hortensis L. Activities (Savory) : Analgesic (f; HH

Saw Palmetto Serenoa Repens
SAW PALMETTO (Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small) +++ Synonyms : Chamaerops serrulata Michx., Corypha repens W. Bartram

Scarlet Elder Sambucus Racemosa
SCARLET ELDER (Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. pubens (Michx.) House) + Synonyms : S. pubens Michx., S. pubens f. xanthoca

Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis Arvensis
SCARLET PIMPERNEL (Anagallis arvensis L.) + Activities (Scarlet Pimpernel) : Antidote, fish (f; PH2); Antiseptic (1; P

Scarlet Poppy Scopolia
SCARLET POPPY (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) + Activities (Scarlet Poppy) : Analgesic (1; CRC); Antinarcotic (1; CRC); An

Scotch Broom Cytisus Scoparius
SCOTCH BROOM (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link) XXX Synonyms : C. scoparius var. andreanus (Puiss.) Dippel, C. scoparius va

Scotch Pine Pinus Sylvestris
SCOTCH PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.) + Synonyms : P. nigra f. pygmaea (Carrière) Rehder, P. sylvestris f. nana (Carrière)

Scotch Thistle Scurvy Grass Spoonwort
SCOTCH THISTLE (Onopordum acanthium L.) +++ Activities (Scotch Thistle) : Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antitussive (f; HHB);

Sea Buckthorn Sea Island Cotton
SEA BUCKTHORN (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) +++ Activities (Sea Buckthorn) : Antiaggregant (f; PH2); Antiaging (f; PH2); A

Self Heal Heal All
SELF-HEAL, HEAL ALL (Prunella vulgaris L.) +++ Activities (Self-Heal) : Alterative (f; SKJ); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antii

Senburi Senega Root
SENBURI (Swertia japonica Makino) ++ Activities (Senburi) : Aperitif (1; PH2); Bitter (1; PH2); Cardiotonic (1; HHB);

Sensitive Plant Servicetree
SENSITIVE PLANT (Mimosa pudica L.) ++ Activities (Sensitive Plant) : Abortifacient (f; JFM); Analgesic (f; AAB); Antib

Sesame Sesamum Indicum Shanshi
SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) +++ Synonyms : S. mulayanum N. C. Nair, S. orientale L. Activities (Sesame) :

Shatavari Shatamuli Asparagus Racemosus
SHATAVARI, SHATAMULI (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) ++ Synonyms : A. rigidulus Nakai, A. schoberioides Kunth, Protaspara

Shavegrass Great Scouring Rush
SHAVEGRASS, GREAT SCOURING RUSH (Equisetum hyemale L.) + Activities (Shavegrass) : Abortifacient (f; DEM); Astringent

Sheep Sorrel Rumex Acetosella
SHEEP SORREL (Rumex acetosella L.) ++ Used interchangeably with R. acetosa (HHB). Activities (Sheep Sorrel) :

Shepherds Purse Capsella Bursa
SHEPHERD’S PURSE (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.) ++ Synonym : Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L. Activities

Shitake Siam Benzoin
SHITAKE (Lentinus edodes) +++ Activities (Shitake) : Antibacterial (1; X11137653); Antihepatosis (f; SKY); Antiseptic

Siberian Ginseng Eleutherococcus Senticosus
SIBERIAN GINSENG (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.) +++ Synonyms : Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr

Siberian Tea Sicklepod
SIBERIAN TEA (Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch) + Synonyms : Bergenia cordifolia (Haw.) Sternb., Saxifraga cordifolia

Silver Vine Sinicuichi
SILVER VINE (Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.) + Synonym : Trochostigma polygama Siebold & Zucc. B

Skirret Sium Sisarum Skullcap
SKIRRET (Sium sisarum L.) ++ Activities (Skirret) : Aperitif (f; PH2). Indications (Skirret) : Anorexia (f

Skunk Cabbage Symplocarpus Foetidus
SKUNK CABBAGE (Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex W. P. C. Barton) + Synonym : Dracontium foetidus L. Activ

Slash Pine Slippery Elm
SLASH PINE (Pinus elliotii Engelm.) + Activities (Slash Pine) : Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiseptic (1; CRC); Expectorant (

Sloe Blackthorn Prunus Spinosa
SLOE, BLACKTHORN (Prunus spinosa L.) ++ Activities (Sloe) : Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; EFS; PHR; PH2); Cardi

Smartweed Polygonum Hydropiper
SMARTWEED (Polygonum hydropiper L.) ++ Synonym : Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach. Activities (Smartweed) : B

Smooth Loofah Luffa
SMOOTH LOOFAH, LUFFA (Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) ++ Synonyms : Cucurbita luffa hort., Luffa cylindrica M. Roem., L. p

Smooth Sumac Snake Plant
SMOOTH SUMAC (Rhus glabra L.) ++ Synonyms : R. cismontana Greene, R. glabra var. cismontana (Greene) Cockerell. B

Snakeroot Aristolochia Serpentaria Sneezewort
SNAKEROOT (Aristolochia serpentaria L.) X Activities (Snakeroot) : Alterative (f; CRC); Anaphrodisiac (f; EFS); Analge

Snowdrop Galanthus Nivalis
SNOWDROP (Galanthus nivalis L.) X Activities (Snowdrop) : Analeptic (1; PH2); Anticholinesterase (1; HH2; PH2); Anticu

Soaptree Quillaja Saponaria Molina
SOAPTREE (Quillaja saponaria Molina) + Activities (Soaptree) : Antiexudative (f; PH2); Antiinflammatory (f; PHR); Card

Soapwort Saponaria Officinalis
SOAPWORT (Saponaria officinalis L.) + Synonym : S. officinalis var. glaberrima Ser. Activities (Soapwort) : B

Sodoms Milkweed Calotropis Procera
SODOM’S MILKWEED (Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton) X Synonym: Asclepias procera Aiton. C. gigantea (L

Solomons Seal Soma
SOLOMONS-SEAL (Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.) + Activities (Solomons-Seal) : Antidiabetic (f; HHB); Antiinflammato

Sorrel Rumex Acetosa
SORREL (Rumex acetosa L.) ++ Aggregated with R. crispus L. by MAD. Frankly, I think most species seem to share the same ch

Soul Vine Sour Cherry
SOUL VINE, AYAHUASCA (Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C. V. Morton) + Synonyms : Banisteria caapi Spruce ex G

Southern Prickly Ash
SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.) + Activities (Southern Prickly Ash) : Analgesic (f; CAN; PNC); An

Southern Tsangshu Cang Zhu
SOUTHERN TSANGSHU, CANG ZHU (Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.) ++ Synonyms : Atractylis lancea Thunb., Atractylis ovat

Southernwood Soybean Glycine Max
SOUTHERNWOOD (Artemisia abrotanum L.) + Synonym : A. procera Willd. Activities (Southernwood) : Antipyreti

Spanish Chestnut Spanish Needles
SPANISH CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa Mill.) ++ Synonyms : Castanea vesca Gaertn., C. vulgaris Lam., Fagus castanea L., F.

Spanish Pellitory Anacyclus Pyrethrum
SPANISH PELLITORY (Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link) + Synonyms : Anacyclus officinarum Hayne, Anthemis pyrethrum L.

Spearmint Mentha Spicata
SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata L.) +++ Synonyms : M. aquatica var. crispa (L.) Benth., M. cordifolia Opiz ex Fresen., M. cr

Speedwell Veronica Officinalis
SPEEDWELL (Veronica officinalis L.) ++ Activities (Speedwell) : Alterative (f; FEL; PNC); Antidiaphoretic (f; PH2); An

Spicebush Lindera Benzoin
SPICEBUSH (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume) + Synonyms : Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees, Laurus aestivalis L., Laurus benzoin L.

Spikenard Aralia Racemosa
SPIKENARD (Aralia racemosa L.) ++ Activities (Spikenard) : Alterative (f; CEB); Antipyretic (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; C

Spinach Spinacia Oleracea
SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea L.) +++ Synonyms : S. inermis Moench, S. oleracea var. inermis (Moench) Peterm., S. spinosa

Spreading Dogbane Spring Snowflake
SPREADING DOGBANE (Apocynum androsaemifolium L.) X Activities (Spreading Dogbane) : Analgesic (f; DEM); Anticonvulsant

Spurge SQuaw Vine Mitchella Repens
SPURGE (Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp.) X Synonym : Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Activities (Spurge) : B

SQuill Sea Onion Urginea Maritima
SQUILL, SEA ONION (Urginea maritima (L.) Baker) X Synonyms : Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Scilla maritima L., Urginea

SQuirrel Corn Dicentra Canadensis
SQUIRREL-CORN (Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp.) + Synonym : Corydalis canadensis Goldie. Some Europeans (e.

St Johns Wort Hypericum Perforatum
ST. JOHN’S-WORT (Hypericum perforatum L.) ++ (Raised from CRC) Activities (St. John’s-Wort) : Analgesic (1

Star Anise Illicium Verum
STAR ANISE (Illicium verum Hook. f.) ++ (raised from CRC) Activities (Star Anise) : Allergenic (1; LAF); Analgesic (f;

Star Grass Star Of Bethlehem
STAR GRASS (Hypoxis sp.) ++ Synonyms : H. hemerocallidea Fisch. ex C. A. Mey. & Ave-Lall. and H. rooperi T. Moore

Stavesacre Delphinium Staphisagria
STAVESACRE (Delphinium staphisagria L.) X As so often in plants that I describe as too dangerous to take, many of the folk

Stevia Stevia Rebaudiana
STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni) ++ Synonym : Eupatorium rebaudianum Bertoni Activities (Stevia) &

Stonecrop Sedum Acre
STONECROP (Sedum acre L.) ++ Activities (Stonecrop) : Abortifacient (f; HHB); Diuretic (f; MAD); Emetic (f; HHB); Emme

Stoneroot Collinsonia Canadensis
STONEROOT (Collinsonia canadensis L.) ++ Activities (Stoneroot) : Antilithic (f; PH2); Antioxidant (f; FAD); Antispasm

Storax Liquidambar Orientalis Mill
STORAX (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) ++ Many responsible authors (e.g., HHB & LAF), when covering species of Liquidam

Strawberry Fragaria Vesca
STRAWBERRY (Fragaria vesca L.) +++ Synonym : Fragaria insularis Rydb. Activities (Strawberry) : Alterative

Strawberry Tree Strongbsck
STRAWBERRY TREE (Arbutus unedo L.) + Activities (Strawberry Tree) : Antirheumatic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; CRC; EFS);

Strophanthus Climbing Oleander
STROPHANTHUS, CLIMBING OLEANDER (Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.) X Synonym : Roupellia grata Wall. &am

Suma Hebanthe Eriantha
SUMA (Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen) ++ Synonyms : Gomphrena paniculata (Mart.) Moq., Hebanthe paniculata Mart.,

Sumatra Benzoin Sumbul
SUMATRA BENZOIN (Styrax paralleloneurum Perkins) ++ Few taxonomists know the species of Styrax (as with Boswellia, Commiph

Summer Cypress Summer Snowflake
SUMMER CYPRESS (Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott) ++ Synonyms : Chenopodium scoparia L., Kochia childsii hort., K. sco

Sundew Drosera Ramentacea Sunflower
SUNDEW (Drosera ramentacea) ++ One cannot tell whether the PDR entry refers only to D. ramentacea, or also to D. peltata,

Surinam Cherry Swamp Milkweed
SURINAM-CHERRY (Eugenia uniflora L.) +++ Synonyms : E. brasiliana (L.) Aubl., E. michelii Lam. Activities (Sur

Sweet Annie Annual Wormwood
SWEET ANNIE, ANNUAL WORMWOOD (Artemisia annua L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Annie) : Antibacterial (1; DAA; FAY); Antimalar

Sweet Bay Magnolia Virginiana
SWEET BAY (Magnolia virginiana L.) ++ Synonyms : M. glauca (L.) L., M. virginiana var. australis Sarg. Activit

Sweet Brich Betula Lenta
SWEET BIRCH (Betula lenta L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Birch) : Alterative (f; CEB); Analgesic (1; FAD); Antiinflammatory

Sweet Broom Escobillo
SWEET BROOM, ESCOBILLO (Scoparia dulcis L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Broom) : Abortifacient (f; DAV); Analgesic (1; X18419

Sweet Cicely Sweet Fern
SWEET CICELY (Myrrhis odorata L. Scop.) +++ Activities (Sweet Cicely) : Analgesic (f; PH2); Carminative (1; EFS; FNF;

Sweet Gale Myrica Gale
SWEET GALE (Myrica gale L.) ++ Synonyms : M. gale var. tomentosa C. DC., M. tomentosa (C. DC.) Asch. & Graebn. BR

Sweet Goldenrod Solidago Odora
SWEET GOLDENROD (Solidago odora Aiton) ++ With good reason, many authors have taken a generic approach to Solidago. EFS ag

Sweet Grass Sweet Marjoram
SWEET GRASS, VANILLA GRASS (Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beauv.) +++ Synonyms : H. borealis Roem. & Schult., Holcus

Sweet Potato Scented Marigold
SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) +++ Activities (Sweet Potato) : Alterative (f; DAD); Antibacterial (f; DAD);

Sweet Vernal Grass Sword Bean
SWEET VERNAL GRASS (Anthoxanthum odoratum L.) +++ Activities (Sweet Vernal Grass) : Carminative (f; HHB); Emollient (f

Sweet Violet Viola Odorata
SWEET VIOLET (Viola odorata L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Violet) : Acarifuge (1; HH2); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antiinflamm

Syrian Christ Thorn Syrian Rue
SYRIAN CHRIST-THORN (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) ++ Synonym : Rhamnus spina-christi L. Activities (Syri

Tall Buttercup Ranunculus Acris
TALL BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus acris L.) + Felter (1898) says, and I agree after spending the day compiling on buttercups (not

Tamarind Tamarindus Indica
TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica L.) +++ Activities (Tamarind) : Analgesic (1; DEP); Antibacterial (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Anti

Tangerine Citrus Reticulata Blanco
TANGERINE (Citrus reticulata Blanco) +++ Synonym : C. nobilis Andrews. Activities (Tangerine) : Antibacter

Tansy Ragwort Senecio Jacobaea
TANSY RAGWORT (Senecio jacobaea L.) X Madaus rightly or wrongly says that S. jacobaea L. and S. vulgaris L. have the same

Tansy Tanacetum Vulgare
TANSY (Tanacetum vulgare L.) ++ Synonyms : Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh., Tanacetum boreale Fisch. ex DC.

Tapioca Manihot Esculenta Crantz
TAPIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) + Synonyms: Jatropha dulcis J. F. Gmel., J. manihot L., Manihot aipi Pohl, M. dulcis (J

Tarragon Artemisia Dracunculus
TARRAGON (Artemisia dracunculus L.) +++ Synonym : A. glauca Pall. ex Willd. Tendencies are to lump A. dranuncu

Teatree Melaleuca Alternifolia
TEATREE (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel) ++ Australians rarely agree with our taxonomy for teatree. An

Teaweed Temu Lawak
TEAWEED (Sida rhombifolia L.) ++ Activities (Teaweed) : Analgesic (f; DAV); Antibacterial (1; AAB; TRA); Antiinflammat

Thorn Apple Theree Leavet Caper
THORN APPLE (Datura inoxia Mill.) X Activities (Thorn Apple) : Amnesiagenic (f; CRC; WOI); Analgesic (f; CRC; WOI); An

Thuja White Cedar
THUJA, WHITE CEDAR (Thuja occidentalis L.) + Synonyms : T. occidentalis var. fastigiata H. Jaeger, T. occidentalis var

Thyme Thymus Vulgaris
THYME (Thymus vulgaris L.) +++ Activities (Thyme) : Abortifacient (f; CRC); Allergic (1; APA); Analgesic (1; APA; CAN;

Tienchi Panax Pseudoginseng Wall
TIENCHI (Panax pseudoginseng Wall. var. notoginseng (Burkill) G. Hoo & C.J. Tseng) ++ Synonyms : Aralia quinquefol

Tiger Lily Lilium Lancifolium
TIGER LILY (Lilium lancifolium Thunb.) ++ Synonym : L. tigrinum Ker Gawl. MAD features tiger lily, while PH2 c

Tobacco Nicotiana Tabacum
TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum L.) X Synonyms : N. chinensis Fisch. ex Lehm., N. tabacum var. macrophylla (Lehm.) Shrank.

Tomato Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill
TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) +++ Activities (Tomato) : Allergenic (f; JFM); Analgesic (f; UPW); Antiatherosc

Tonka Bean Dipteryx Odorata
TONKA BEAN (Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd.) + Synonym : Coumarouna odorata Aubl. Activities (Tonka Bean) : B

Tormentil CinQuefoil Potentilla Erecta
TORMENTIL, CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.) ++ Activities (Tormentil) : Antiallergic (1; PH2; PNC); Antiba

Tragacanth Trailing Arbutus
TRAGACANTH (Astragalus gummifer Labill.) +++ Synonym : Astracantha gummifera (Labill.) Podlech. Activities (Tr

Travelers Joy Tree Of Heaven
TRAVELER’S JOY (Clematis vitalba L.) + Activities (Traveler’s Joy) : Depurative (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f;

Tree Peony Trout Lily
TREE PEONY (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) + Synonyms : P. arborea Donn, P. moutan Sims. Activities (Tree Peony

Tuliptree Tupa Lobelia Tupa
TULIPTREE (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) + Synonyms : L. tulipfera f. aureo-marginatum (Dippel) Schelle, L. tulipfera f.

Turmeric Curcuma Longa
TURMERIC (Curcuma longa L.) +++ Synonym : C. domestica Valeton. Activities (Turmeric) : Alterative (f; DAD

Unicorn Root Aletris Farinosa
UNICORN ROOT (Aletris farinosa L.) + Activities (Unicorn Root) : Antiinflammatory (1; FAD); Carminative (f; CRC); Diur

Upland Cotton Gossypium Hirsutum
UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.) + Synonyms : G. hirsutum subsp. latifolium (Murray) Roberty, G. hirsutum var. pu

Usnea Uzara Xysmalobium Undulatum
USNEA (Usnea spp.) ++ Activities (Usnea) : Analgesic (1; BGB); Antibacterial (1; FNF; WAM); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF);

Valerian Valeriana Officinalis
VALERIAN (Valeriana officinalis L.) +++ Activities (Valerian) : Analgesic (f; CAN; CRC; MAD; PED; WHO); Antibacterial

Vanilla Vanilla Planifolia Jacks
VANILLA (Vanilla planifolia Jacks.) +++ Synonyms : Myrobroma fragrans Salisb., Vanilla fragrans auct. Activiti

Velvetleaf Cissampelos Pareira
VELVETLEAF (Cissampelos pareira L.) + Activities (Velvetleaf) : Alexeteric (f; DEP; KAB); Analgesic (1; DAV; GMJ; KAB)

Venüs Flytrap Vetiver Khus Khus
VENUS FLYTRAP (Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis) ++ Activities (Venus Flytrap) : Antilymphomic (f; PH2); Antineoplastic (1;

Vervain Verbena Officinalis
VERVAIN (Verbena officinalis L.) ++ Activities (Vervain) : Adaptogen (f; FAD); Analgesic (1; APA; CRC; PH2; WAM); Anti

Virginia Creeper Virility Vine
VIRGINIA-CREEPER, AMERICAN IVY (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.) + Activities (Virginia-Creeper) : Allergenic

Wafer Ash Ptelea Trifoliata
WAFER ASH (Ptelea trifoliata L.) + Activities (Wafer Ash) : Antibacterial (1; HHB; PH2); Antiperiodic (f; EFS); Antipy

Waho Euonymus Atropurpureus Jacq
WAHOO (Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.) X (downgraded from CRC) Rightly or wrongly, European authors (EFS and PH2) tend to ag

Wall Germander Teucrium Chamaedrys
WALL GERMANDER (Teucrium chamaedrys L.) XXX Activities (Wall Germander) : Antirheumatic (f; PNC); Antiseptic (1; PNC;

Wallflower Erysimum Cheiri
WALLFLOWER (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) X Synonym : Cheiranthus cheiri L. Activities (Wallflower) : Analg

Wasabi Water Avens
WASABI, JAPANESE HORSERADISH (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum.) +++ Synonyms : Cochlearia wasabi Siebold, Eutrema japon

Water Dock Water Dropwort
WATER DOCK (Rumex aquaticus L.) ++ Activities (Water Dock) : Alterative (f; EFS; PNC); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiaggrega

Water Fennel Oenanthe Aquatica
WATER FENNEL (Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir.) X Synonym : Oenanthe phellandrium Lam. Activities (Water Fennel) :

Water Germander Teucrium Scordium
WATER GERMANDER ( Teucrium scordiumL.) + Activities (Water Germander) : Alterative (f; EFS); Antidote (f; GMH); Antiin

Water Hemlock Cicuta Maculata
WATER HEMLOCK (Cicuta maculata L.) X Activities (Water Hemlock) : Cardiotoxic (1; CRC); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Convul

Water Mint Mentha Aquatica
WATER MINT (Mentha aquatica L.) +++ Synonym : M. palustris Mill. Called Wild Mint in PH2. Activities (Wate

Watercress Nasturtium Officinale
WATERCRESS (Nasturtium officinale R. Brown) ++ Synonyms : N. nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) H. Karst., Radicula nasturtium

Waterlily Nymphaea Odorata Aiton
WATERLILY (Nymphaea odorata Aiton) ++ Synonyms : N. maximiliani Lehm., N. rosea Raf. Activities (Waterlily) :

Watermelon Citrullus Lanatus
WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) +++ Activities (Watermelon) : Anticancer (1; FNF); Antioxi

Waxtree Japanese Western Gromwell
WAXTREE, JAPANESE WAXTREE (Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze) X Synonym : Rhus succedanea L. Activities (W

Wheat Triticum Aestivum
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) +++ Activities (Wheat) : Antialcoholic (f; BIB); Antibilious (f; BIB); Antiseptic (f; BIB

White Brich White Cohosh Baneberry
WHITE BIRCH (Betula papyrifera Marshall) ++ Synonyms : B. excelsa Aiton, B. lyalliana Koehne, B. papyrifera var. commu

White Bryony Bryonia Alba
WHITE BRYONY (Bryonia alba L.) X Activities (White Bryony) : Abortifacient (f; HAD); Antitumor (1; PH2); Cytotoxic (1;

White Deadnettle Lamium Album
WHITE DEADNETTLE (Lamium album L.) +++ Activities (White Deadnettle) : Astringent (1; EFS; HHB; PH2; PNC); Cholagogue

White Hellebore Veratrum Album
WHITE HELLEBORE (Veratrum album L.) X Synonym : V. lobelianum Bernh. Activities (White Hellebore) : Analep

White Horehound Marrubium Vulgare
WHITE HOREHOUND (Marrubium vulgare L.) ++ Activities (White Horehound) : Alterative (f; EFS); Anti-5-Hydroxytryptophan

White Lily Madonna Lily
WHITE LILY, MADONNA LILY (Lilium candidum L.) + MAD does not cover L. candidum, instead featuring tiger lily and under tha

White Mulberry Morus Alba
WHITE MULBERRY (Morus alba L.) +++ Synonyms : M. alba f. tatarica Ser., M. alba var. constantinopolitana Loudon, M. al

White Mustard Sinapis Alba
WHITE MUSTARD (Sinapis alba L. ssp. alba) ++ Synonyms : Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh., B. hirta Moench, Sinapis alba cv.

White Pine Pinus Strobus
WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus L.) + Synonym : P. strobus f. prostrata (Rehder ex Beissner) Fernald & Weath. Ac

White Spruce Fir Picea Abies
WHITE SPRUCE, FIR (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) ++ The data, like the species, are terribly confused: Abies alba Mill.

White Willow Salix Alba
WHITE WILLOW (Salix alba L.) ++ Synonyms : S. alba f. chermesina (Hartig) Rehder, S. alba var. britzensis Späth.

Wild Cherry Prunus Serotina
WILD CHERRY (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) ++ CEB and FEL treat it with the closely related P. virginiana L. Activities (

Wild Dagga Leonotis Leonurus
WILD DAGGA (Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br.) ++ Synonym : Phlomis leonurus L. Activities (Wild Dagga) : Anal

Wild Germander Wild Radish
WILD GERMANDER (Teucrium canadense L.) + Activities (Wild Germander) : Antiseptic (f; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; FAD); Diur

Wild Indigo Baptisia Tinctoria
WILD INDIGO (Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br) + Synonym : Sophora tinctoria L. Activities (Wild Indigo) : An

Wild Lettuce Lactuca Virosa
WILD LETTUCE (Lactuca virosa L.) ++ Activities (Wild Lettuce) : Allergenic (1; CAN); Analgesic (1; APA; CRC; FAD; PHR;

Wild Mint Biblical Mint
WILD MINT, BIBLICAL MINT (Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.) +++ PH2 uses English Horsemint as the common name for this one. B

Wild Sage Lantana Camara
WILD SAGE (Lantana camara L.) + Synonyms : L. aculeata L., L. camara var. nivea (Vent.) L. H. Bailey, L. hybrida hort.

Wild Sarsaparilla Wild Servicetree
WILD SARSAPARILLA (Aralia nudicaulis L.) ++ Activities (Wild Sarsparilla) : Aphrodisiac (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM);

Wild Strawberry Wild Sunflower
WILD STRAWBERRY (Fragaria virginiana Mill.) +++ Activities (Wild Strawberry) : Abortifacient (f; DEM); Analgesic (f; D

Wild Teasel Wild Turnip
WILD TEASEL (Dipsacus fullonum L.) ++ Synonym : Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Activities (Wild Teasel) : Diaph

Wild Yam Dioscorea Villosa
WILD YAM (Dioscorea villosa L.) ++ Synonyms : D. hirticaulis Bartlett, D. villosa var. hirticaulis (Bartlett) H. E. Ah

Winged Bean Asparagus Pea
WINGED BEAN, ASPARAGUS PEA (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) ++ Synonyms : Botor tetragonolobus (L.) Kuntze, Doli

Winged Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum Armatum
WINGED PRICKLY-ASH (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) ++ Synonyms : Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb., Zanthoxylum planispinum Siebold &a

Winter Cherry Chinese Lantern
WINTER CHERRY, CHINESE LANTERN (Physalis alkekengi L.) + PH2 muddies the issue by listing Cape Gooseberry as another commo

Wintergreen Gaultheria Procumbens
WINTERGREEN (Gaultheria procumbens L.) ++ Activities (Wintergreen) : Allergenic (1; PH2); Analgesic (1; CRC; FAD); Ant

Winters Bark Drimys Winteri
WINTER’S-BARK (Drimys winteri J.R. & G. Forst.) + Synonyms : D. chilensis DC., D. winteri var. chilensis (DC

Witch Hazel Hamamelis Virginiana
WITCH HAZEL (Hamamelis virginiana L.) ++ Activities (Witch Hazel) : Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; DEM; MAB); Anti

Wolfberry Wood Anemone
WOLFBERRY (Lycium chinense Mill.) ++ Chinese Wolfberry (Note : according to Foster and Yue, the Chinese use L. barbaru

Wood Betony Stachys Officinalis
WOOD BETONY (Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis.) ++ Synonyms : Betonica officinalis L., Stachys betonica Benth.

Wood Ear Mu Ehr
WOOD EAR, MU EHR (Auricularia spp.) ++ Activities (Wood Ear) : Allergenic (1; HOB); Analgesic (f; HOB); Antiaging (1;

Wood Rose Argyreia Nervosa
WOOD ROSE (Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer) + Synonyms : A. speciosa (L. f.) Sweet, Convolvulus nervosus Burm. f., C

Wood Sage Teucrium Scorodonia
WOOD SAGE (Teucrium scorodonia L.) + Activities (Wood Sage) : Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiscorbutic

Wood Sorrel Oxalis Acetosella
WOOD SORREL (Oxalis acetosella L.) ++ Activities (Wood Sorrel) : Antidote, arsenic (f; HHB); Antidote, quicksilver (f;

Woodruff Galium Odoratum
WOODRUFF (Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.) + Synonym : Asperula odorata L. Activities (Woodruff) : Antiaggregan

Wooly Digitalis Wooly Foxglove
WOOLY DIGITALIS, WOOLY FOXGLOVE (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) X Activities (Wooly Digitalis) : Antidote (f; CRC); Cardioton

Wormgrass Woundwort Stachys Palustris
WORMGRASS (Spigelia anthelmia L.) X The Herbal PDR mentions wormwood grass as a selected common name; bad selection; earli

Wormseed Chenopodium Ambrosioides
WORMSEED (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) + Synonyms : C. ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) A. Gray, C. anthelminticu

Wormwood Artemisia Absinthium
WORMWOOD (Artemisia absinthium L.) + Activities (Wormwood) : Abortifacient (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; PNC); Antibacterial

Yarrow Milfoil Achillea Millefolium
YARROW, MILFOIL (Achillea millefolium L.) ++ Synonyms : A. borealis Bong., A. lanulosa Nutt., A. magna auct., A. mille

Yaupon Ilex Vomitoria Sol
YAUPON (Ilex vomitoria Sol. ex Aiton) + Activities (Yaupon) : Depurative (f; FAD); Diuretic (f; HHB); Emetic (1; DEM;

Yellow Dock Rumex Crispus
YELLOW DOCK (Rumex crispus L.) ++ HHB mixes, appropriately methinks, R. crispus L. and R. obtusifolius L. Activiti

Yellow Jessamine Gelsemium Sempervirens
YELLOW JESSAMINE (Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil.) X Synonym : Bignonia sempervirens L. Activities (Ye

Yellow Lupine Yellowroot
YELLOW LUPINE (Lupinus luteus L.) + (X for non-cultivars) Activities (Yellow Lupine) : Anesthetic (1; HHB); Arrhythmog

Yellow Sweet Clover
YELLOW SWEET CLOVER (Melilotus officinalis Lam.) ++ Synonyms : M. arvensis Wallr., M. officinalis var. micranthus O. E

Yellow Toadflax Butter And Eggs
YELLOW TOADFLAX, BUTTER AND EGGS (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) + Activities (Yellow Toadflax) : Antiinflammatory (1; PH2);

Yerba Mansa Anemopsis Californica
YERBA MANSA (Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.) + Synonym : Anemia californica Nutt. Activities (

Yerba Santa Eriodictyon Californicum
YERBA SANTA (Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.) ++ Activities (Yerba Santa) : Antiasthmatic (f; PH2);

Yew Taxus Sp
YEW (Taxus sp.) X PHR treats the European yew, Taxus baccata L.; APA treats the Western Yew, Taxus brevifolia Nutt.; DEM t

Yohimbe Pausinystalia Johimbe
YOHIMBE (Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille) + Synonym :  Corynanthe johimbe K. Schum. Ac

Yoko Paullinia Yoko Yucca
YOKO (Paullinia yoko R. E. Schult. & Killip) ++ Activities (Yoko) : Anorectic (f; CRC); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Anti

Zedoary Curcuma Zedoaria
ZEDOARY (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) +++ Synonym: Amomum zedoaria Christm. Activities (Zedoary) :